{"id":55212,"date":"2023-05-10T12:36:15","date_gmt":"2023-05-10T11:36:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/?post_type=section&#038;p=55212"},"modified":"2024-10-04T15:24:57","modified_gmt":"2024-10-04T14:24:57","slug":"writing-process-steps","status":"publish","type":"section","link":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/","title":{"rendered":"The Ultimate Blueprint: A Research-Driven Deep Dive into The 13 Steps of the Writing Process"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"tts_content_wrapper_2\" >\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Like water cascading to the sea, flow feels inevitable, natural, purposeful. Yet achieving flow is a state of mind that can be difficult to achieve. It requires full commitment to<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mindset\/self-regulation\/play-the-believing-game\/\" title=\"Play the Believing Game\"> the believing gam<\/a>e (as opposed to <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mindset\/self-regulation\/play-the-doubting-game\/\" title=\"Play the Doubting Game\">the doubting game<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#What_are_the_Steps_of_the_Writing_Process\" title=\"What are the Steps of the Writing Process?\">What are the Steps of the Writing Process?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#Summary_%E2%80%93_Writing_Process_Steps\" title=\"Summary &#8211; Writing Process Steps\">Summary &#8211; Writing Process Steps<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#1_Prewriting\" title=\"1. Prewriting\">1. Prewriting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#2_Invention\" title=\"2. Invention\">2. Invention<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#3_Researching\" title=\"3. Researching\">3. Researching<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#4_Collaboration\" title=\"4. Collaboration\">4. Collaboration<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#5_Planning\" title=\"5. Planning\">5. Planning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#6_Organizing\" title=\"6. Organizing\">6. Organizing<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-5' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#Writing-Process_Plans\" title=\"Writing-Process Plans\">Writing-Process Plans<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-5'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#Planning_Exercises\" title=\"Planning Exercises\">Planning Exercises<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#7_Designing\" title=\"7. Designing\">7. Designing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#8_Drafting\" title=\"8. Drafting\">8. Drafting<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#9_Rereading\" title=\"9. Rereading\">9. Rereading<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#10_Revising\" title=\"10. Revising\">10. Revising<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#11_Editing\" title=\"11. Editing\">11. Editing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#12_Proofreading\" title=\"12. Proofreading\">12. Proofreading<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/writing-process-steps\/#13_Sharing_or_Publishing\" title=\"13. Sharing or Publishing\">13. Sharing or Publishing<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_Steps_of_the_Writing_Process\"><\/span>What are the Steps of the Writing Process?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the 1960s, it has been popular to describe the writing process as a series of <em>steps<\/em> or <em>stages<\/em>. For simple projects, the writing process is typically defined as four major steps:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/prewriting\/\">prewriting<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/drafting\/\">drafting<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/revision\/\">revising<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/\">editing<\/a>. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>This simplified approach to writing is quite appropriate for many <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/occasion-exigency\/\">exigencies&#8211;many calls to write<\/a>. Often, e.g., we might read an email quickly, write a response, and then send it: <em>write, revise, send.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, in the real world, for more demanding projects &#8212; especially in&nbsp;high-stakes <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/workplace-writing\/\">workplace writing<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/writing-styles\/academic-writing-style-guide\/\">academic writing<\/a> at the high school and college level &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\">the writing process<\/a> involve additional&nbsp;<em>steps,<\/em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>strategies<\/em>, such as&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/prewriting\/\">prewriting<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/\">inventing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/drafting\/\">drafting<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/\">collaboration<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/planning\/\">planning<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\">researching<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/\">organizing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\">designing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rereading\/\">rereading<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/revision\/\">revising<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/\">editing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/proofreading\/\">proofreading<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/sharing-publishing\/\">sharing or publishing.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Related Concepts: <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mindset\/\">Mindset<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mindset\/self-regulation\/\">Self Regulation<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Summary_%E2%80%93_Writing_Process_Steps\"><\/span>Summary &#8211; Writing Process Steps<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The summary below outlines the major steps writers work through as they endeavor to develop an idea for an <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Prewriting\"><\/span>1. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/prewriting\/\">Prewriting<\/a> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Prewriting refers to all the work a writer does on a writing project before they actually begin <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing\/\">writing<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Acts of prewriting include<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>engaging in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\">rhetorical analysis<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">context<\/a> for the writing assignment\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prior to writing a first draft, analyze the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">context<\/a> for the work. For instance, in school settings students may analyze how much of their grade will be determined by a particular assignment. They may question how many and what sources are required and what the grading criteria will be used for <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/critique\/\">critiquing<\/a> the work. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>engaging in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\">rhetorical analysis<\/a> of the writing assignment \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>To further their understanding of the assignment, writers will question who the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a> is for their work, what their <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">purpose<\/a> is for writing, what <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/\">style of writing<\/a> their <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a> expects them to employ, and what <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/\">rhetorical stance<\/a> is appropriate for them to develop given the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">rhetorical situation<\/a> they are addressing. (See <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/invention-heuristics\/document-planner\/\">the document planner heuristic<\/a> for more on this) <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>engaging in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/\">rhetorical reasoning<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Based on what they&#8217;ve learned from engaging in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\">rhetorical analysis<\/a> about the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">purpose<\/a> that a writing assignment invokes, writers may engage in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/\">rhetorical reasoning<\/a>, even if they do so subconsciously. In other words, before actually beginning writing, they may \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>consider employing <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-appeals\/\">rhetorical appeals<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/ethos\/\">ethos<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/pathos\/\">pathos<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/logos\/\">logos<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-devices\/\">rhetorical devices<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-modes\/\">rhetorical modes<\/a> they want to develop once they begin writing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reflect on the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/voice\/\">voice<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/tone\/\">tone<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/persona\/\">persona<\/a> they want to develop<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>deciding on <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/\">the rhetorical stance<\/a> they should adopt\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Following <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\">rhetorical analysis<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/\">rhetorical reasoning<\/a>, writers decide on the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/persona\/\">persona<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/point-of-view\/\">point of view<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/tone\/\">tone<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/voice\/\">voice<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/\">style of writing<\/a> they hope to develop, such as an <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/writing-styles\/academic-writing-style-guide\/\">academic writing prose style <\/a>or a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/writing-styles\/professional-writing-style-guide\/\">professional writing prose style<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>making a plan, an outline, for what to do next. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Invention\"><\/span>2. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/\">Invention<\/a> <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Invention is traditionally defined as an initial stage of the writing process when writers are more focused on discovery and creative play. During the early stages of a project, writers brainstorm; they explore various <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/topic\/\">topics<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/perspective\/\">perspectives<\/a> before committing to a specific direction for their <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/discourse\/\">discourse<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In practice, invention can be an ongoing concern throughout the writing process. People who are focused on solving problems and developing&nbsp;original ideas, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/argument-argumentation\/\">arguments<\/a>, artifacts, products, services, applications, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">texts<\/a> are open to acts of invention at any time during the writing process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Writers have many different ways to engage in acts of invention, including<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Questioning:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/occasion-exigency\/\">the exigency, the call to write<\/a>? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/scholarship-as-a-conversation\/\">the ongoing scholarly debates<\/a> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/peer-review\/\">peer-review<\/a> literature?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/occasion-exigency\/problem-space\/\">problem<\/a>?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What can I learn about the target audience? \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What do they read? watch? say? What do they know about the topic? Why do they believe what they do? What are their <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">beliefs, values, and expectations<\/a>?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-appeals\/\">rhetorical appeals<\/a> \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/ethos\/\">ethos (credibility)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/pathos\/\">pathos (emotion)<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/logos\/\">logos (logic)<\/a> \u2014 should I explore to develop the best response to this <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/occasion-exigency\/\">exigency<\/a>, this call to write?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Problem-solving: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What does <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/peer-review\/\">peer-reviewed research<\/a> say about the subject? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the current debates about the subject? <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Divergent thinking: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Embrace multiple viewpoints and consider various approaches to encourage the generation of original ideas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Experimentation: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How can I experiment with different <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/medium-media-social-media\/\">media<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/\">genres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/\">writing styles<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/persona\/\">personas<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/voice\/\">voices<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/tone\/\">tone<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Experiment with new <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/\">research methods<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/freewriting\/\">Freewriting<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Write whatever ideas occur to you. Focus on generating ideas as opposed to writing grammatically correct sentences. Get your thoughts down as fully and quickly as you can without critiquing them.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/invention-heuristics\/\">Heuristics<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/invention-heuristics\/\">heuristics<\/a> to inspire discovery and creative thinking: <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/invention-heuristics\/burkes-pentad\/\">Burke\u2019s Pentad<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/invention-heuristics\/document-planner\/\">Document Planner<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/invention-heuristics\/journalistic-questions\/\">Journalistic Questions<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/invention-heuristics\/the-business-model-canvas\/\">The Business Model Canvas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risk-taking: \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Embrace the uncertainty that comes with creative exploration. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Listen to your intuition &#8212; your <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/felt-sense\/\">felt sense<\/a> &#8212; when composing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Experiment with different <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/\">writing styles<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/\">genres<\/a>, writing tools, and rhetorical stances<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Play <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mindset\/self-regulation\/play-the-believing-game\/\">the believing game<\/a> early in the writing process<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Researching\"><\/span>3. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\">Researching<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\">Research<\/a> refers to systematic investigations that investigators carry out to discover new&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/epistemology\/knowledge\/\">knowledge<\/a>, test <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/argument-argumentation\/claim\/knowledge-claim\/\">knowledge claims<\/a>, solve&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/problem-definition\/\">problems<\/a>, or develop new <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">texts<\/a>, products, apps, and services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the research stage of the writing process, writers may engage in <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/mixed-methods\/the-customer-discovery-process\/\">customer research<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Engage in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/mixed-methods\/the-customer-discovery-process\/\">customer discovery interviews <\/a>and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/quantitative-methods\/survey-research\/\">survey research<\/a>&nbsp;in order to better understand the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/mixed-methods\/the-customer-discovery-process\/problem-space\/\">problem space<\/a>. Use&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/quantitative-methods\/survey-research\/\">surveys<\/a>, interviews, focus groups, etc., to understand the stakeholder\u2019s s (e.g., clients, suppliers, partners) problems and needs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/informal-research\/\">informal research<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What can you recall from your memory about the subject?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What can you learn from informal observation?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/\">textual research<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What can you learn from <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/searching-as-a-strategic-exploration\/\">strategic searching<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/archive\/\">archive<\/a> on the topic that interests you? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the status of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/scholarship-as-a-conversation\/\">the current scholarly conversation<\/a> on the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/topic\/\">topic<\/a>? \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Who are the thought leaders? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What were the major turns to the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/scholarship-as-a-conversation\/\">conversation<\/a>?  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the current debates on the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/topic\/\">topic<\/a>? <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>empirical research\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/\">research methods<\/a>, if any, are acceptable to use and appropriate to use? \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/mixed-methods\/\">Mixed research methods<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/qualitative-research\/\">qualitative research methods<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/quantitative-methods\/\">quantitative research methods<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/usability-and-user-experience-research\/\">usability and user experience research<\/a>?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/\">citation<\/a> practices\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What citation style is required by the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\">discourse community<\/a> you&#8217;re addressing?<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/\">APA<\/a> | <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/\">MLA<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Collaboration\"><\/span>4. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/\">Collaboration<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Collaboration<\/em>&nbsp;refers to the act of working with others to exchange ideas, solve problems, investigate <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/topic\/\">subjects<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/coauthorship\/\">coauthor<\/a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">texts<\/a>, and develop products and services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Collaboration can play a major role in the writing process, especially when authors <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/coauthorship\/\">coauthor<\/a> documents with peers and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/teamwork\/\">teams<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/critique\/\">critique the works of others<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Acts of collaboration include<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Active listening \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Paying close attention to what others are saying, acknowledging their input, and asking clarifying questions to ensure understanding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Clear communication \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Expressing ideas, thoughts, and opinions in a concise and understandable manner, both verbally and in writing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mindset\/intellectual-openness\/\">Open-mindedness<\/a> \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Being receptive to new ideas and perspectives, and considering alternative approaches to problem-solving.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flexibility\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Adapting to changes in project goals, timelines, or team dynamics, and being willing to modify plans when needed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sharing responsibility\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Distributing tasks and responsibilities fairly among team members, and holding oneself accountable for assigned work.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Respecting diversity\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>valuing and appreciating the unique backgrounds, skills, and perspectives of all team members, and leveraging this diversity to enhance collaboration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/conflict-resolution\/\">Conflict resolution<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Addressing disagreements or conflicts constructively and diplomatically, working towards mutually beneficial solutions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/critique\/\">Giving and receiving feedback<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Providing constructive feedback to help others improve their work, and being open to receiving feedback to refine one&#8217;s own ideas and contributions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Empathy\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Understanding and responding to the emotions, needs, and concerns of team members, and fostering a supportive and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style-in-writing\/elements-of-style\/inclusive-language\/\">inclusive environment<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Celebrating success\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Acknowledging and appreciating the achievements of the team and individual members, and using successes as a foundation for continued collaboration and growth.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Planning\"><\/span>5. Planning<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Planning refers to <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the process of planning how to organize a document<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the process of managing your writing processes<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Organizing\"><\/span>6. Organizing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Following <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\">rhetorical analysis<\/a>, following <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/prewriting\/\">prewriting<\/a>, writers question how they should organize their texts. For instance, should they adopt the organizational strategies of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/writing-styles\/academic-writing-style-guide\/\">academic discourse<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/workplace-writing\/\">workplace-writing discourse<\/a>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Writing-Process_Plans\"><\/span>Writing-Process Plans<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>identify goals \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">What is your Purpose? &#8211; Aims of Discourse<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>establish priorities\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What steps, or strategies, need to be completed next?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>set a schedule to complete goals<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Planning_Exercises\"><\/span>Planning Exercises<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/invention-heuristics\/document-planner\/\">Document Planner<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/team-charter\/\">Team Charter<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-7-designing\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"7_Designing\"><\/span>7. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\">Designing<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Designing refers to efforts on the part of the writer <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>to leverage the power of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/medium-media-social-media\/visual-language\/\">visual language<\/a> to convey meaning<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>to create a visually appealing <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">text<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>During <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\">the designing stage<\/a> of the writing process, writers explore how they can use the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/elements-of-art-elements-of-design\/\">elements of design<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/medium-media-social-media\/visual-language\/\">visual language<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/semiotics-sign-signifier-signified\/\">signify<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style-in-writing\/elements-of-style\/clarity\/\">clarify<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style-in-writing\/elements-of-style\/simplicity\/\">simplify<\/a> the message.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Examples of the designing step of the writing process:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Visual hierarchy\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Establishing a clear hierarchy of visual elements, such as headings, subheadings, and bullet points, to guide the reader&#8217;s attention and facilitate understanding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Typography\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Selecting appropriate fonts, sizes, and styles to ensure readability and convey the intended tone and emphasis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Layout\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Organizing text and visual elements on the page or screen in a manner that is visually appealing, easy to navigate, and supports the intended message.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Color and contrast\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Using color schemes and contrasts effectively to create a visually engaging experience, while also ensuring readability and accessibility for all readers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Visual elements\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Incorporating images, illustrations, charts, graphs, and videos to support and enrich the written content, and to convey complex ideas in a more accessible format.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessibility\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Designing content that is easily accessible to a wide range of readers, including those with visual impairments, by adhering to accessibility guidelines and best practices.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consistency\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Maintaining a consistent style and design throughout the text, which includes the use of visuals, formatting, and typography, to create a cohesive and professional appearance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interactivity\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Integrating interactive elements, such as hyperlinks, buttons, and multimedia, to encourage reader engagement and foster deeper understanding of the content.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"8_Drafting\"><\/span>8. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/drafting\/\">Drafting<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Drafting refers to the act of writing a preliminary version of a document &#8212; a sloppy first draft. Writers engage in exploratory writing early in the writing process. During drafting, writers focus on freewriting: they write in short bursts of writing without stopping and without concern for grammatical correctness or stylistic matters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When composing, writers move back and forth between drafting new material, revising drafts, and other steps in the writing process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"9_Rereading\"><\/span>9. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rereading\/\">Rereading<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Rereading refers to the process of carefully reviewing a written text. When writers reread texts, they look in between each word, phrase, sentence, paragraph. They look for gaps in content, reasoning, organization, design, diction, style&#8211;and more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When engaged in the physical act of writing &#8212; during moments of composing &#8212; writers will often pause from drafting to reread what they wrote or to reread some other text they are referencing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"10_Revising\"><\/span>10. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/revision\/\">Revising<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Revision<\/em>&nbsp;&#8212; the process of revisiting, rethinking, and refining written work to improve its&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information\/\">content<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style-in-writing\/elements-of-style\/clarity\/\">clarity<\/a>&nbsp;and overall effectiveness &#8212; is such an important part of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\">the writing process<\/a>&nbsp;that experienced writers often say&nbsp;<strong>&#8220;writing is revision&#8221; <\/strong>or<strong> &#8220;all writing is revision.&#8221;<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For many writers, revision processes are deeply intertwined with writing, invention, and reasoning strategies: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cWriting and rewriting are a constant search for what one is saying.\u201d \u2014 John Updike<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u201cHow do I know what I think until I see what I say.\u201d \u2014 E.M. Forster<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Acts of revision include <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Pivoting: trashing earlier work and moving in a new direction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/revision\/revision-revision-guide\/\">Critiquing the document at the global level  <\/a>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identifying Rhetorical Problems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identifying Structural Problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Identifying Language Problems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identifying Critical &amp; Analytical Thinking Problems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"11_Editing\"><\/span>11. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/\">Editing<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Editing<\/em>&nbsp;refers to the act of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/critique\/\">critically reviewing<\/a>&nbsp;a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">text<\/a>&nbsp;with the goal of identifying and rectifying sentence and word-level problems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When&nbsp;<em>editing<\/em>, writers tend to focus on&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/organizational-schema\/local-perspective\/\">local concerns<\/a>&nbsp;as opposed to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/organizational-schema\/global-perspective\/\">global concerns<\/a>. For instance, they may look for<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/\">citation problems<\/a>, such as\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>problems weaving sources into your argument or analysis<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>problems establishing&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/authority\/\">the authority of sources<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>problems using the required&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/\">citation style<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/\">grammar problems<\/a>, such as\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/mechanics\/\">mechanical errors<\/a>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/mechanics\/review-capitalization-rules\/\">capitalization<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/mechanics\/punctuation\/\">punctuation<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/mechanics\/spelling\/\">spelling<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/sentences\/sentence-errors\/\">sentence errors<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/sentences\/sentence-structure\/\">sentence structure errors<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/\">stylistic problems<\/a>, such as\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>problems with&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/diction\/\">diction<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/brevity\/\">brevity<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/clarity\/\">clarity<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/flow\/\">flow<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/inclusive-language\/\">inclusivity<\/a>, register, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/simplicity\/\">simplicity<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"12_Proofreading\"><\/span>12. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/proofreading\/\">Proofreading<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Proofreading refers to last time you&#8217;ll look at a document before sharing or publishing the work with its intended audience(s). At this point in the writing process, it&#8217;s too late to add in some new evidence you&#8217;ve found to support your position. Now you don&#8217;t want to add any new content. Instead, your goal during proofreading is to do a final check on word-level errors, problems with <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style-in-writing\/diction\/\">diction<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/mechanics\/punctuation\/\">punctuation<\/a>, or syntax.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"13_Sharing_or_Publishing\"><\/span>13. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/sharing-publishing\/\">Sharing or Publishing<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Sharing refers to&nbsp;the last step in the writing process: the moment when the writer delivers the message &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">the text<\/a> &#8212; to the target <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Writers may think it makes sense to wait to share their work later in the process, after the project is fairly complete. However, that&#8217;s not always the case. Sometimes you can save yourself a lot of trouble by bringing in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/\">collaborators<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/critique\/\">critics<\/a> earlier in the writing process. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":55610,"parent":12849,"menu_order":0,"template":"","tags":[],"chapters":[2508,2517],"class_list":["post-55212","section","type-section","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","chapters-flow","chapters-writing-process"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/55212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/section"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":59,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/55212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":68911,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/55212\/revisions\/68911"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/12849"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/55610"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=55212"},{"taxonomy":"chapters","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/chapters?post=55212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}