{"id":43789,"date":"2022-04-29T13:45:34","date_gmt":"2022-04-29T12:45:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/?post_type=section&#038;p=43789"},"modified":"2024-09-06T05:50:44","modified_gmt":"2024-09-06T04:50:44","slug":"mla-citation","status":"publish","type":"section","link":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/","title":{"rendered":"MLA Citation &#8211; MLA In Text Citation"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"tts_content_wrapper_2\" >\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#What_is_MLA_Citation\" title=\"What is MLA Citation?\">What is MLA Citation?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#MLA_In_Text_Citation_vs_MLA_Works_Cited\" title=\"MLA In Text Citation vs. MLA Works Cited\">MLA In Text Citation vs. MLA Works Cited<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Synonyms\" title=\"Synonyms\">Synonyms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Why_Does_MLA_Citation_Matter\" title=\"Why Does MLA Citation Matter?\">Why Does MLA Citation Matter?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#MLA_Format_Citation\" title=\"MLA Format Citation\">MLA Format Citation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Example_of_Standard_MLA_Template\" title=\"Example of Standard MLA Template\">Example of Standard MLA Template<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#In_the_beginning_of_a_sentence\" title=\"In the beginning of a sentence\">In the beginning of a sentence<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Sample_Paraphrase\" title=\"Sample Paraphrase\">Sample Paraphrase<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#At_the_end_of_a_sentence\" title=\"At the end of a sentence\">At the end of a sentence<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Sample_Paraphrase-2\" title=\"Sample Paraphrase\">Sample Paraphrase<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#MLA_Advice_on_First_Name_and_Last_Name_on_First_Introduction\" title=\"MLA Advice on First Name and Last Name on First Introduction\">MLA Advice on First Name and Last Name on First Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#MLA_Approaches_to_Establishing_Credibility\" title=\"MLA Approaches to Establishing Credibility\">MLA Approaches to Establishing Credibility<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#MLA_Template_for_In_Text_Citation_at_the_End_of_a_Sentence\" title=\"MLA Template for In Text Citation at the End of a Sentence\">MLA Template for In Text Citation at the End of a Sentence<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#MLA_Format_Templates_for_Special_Circumstances\" title=\"MLA Format Templates for Special Circumstances\">MLA Format Templates for Special Circumstances<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#MLA_In_Text_Citation_Templates\" title=\"MLA In Text Citation Templates\">MLA In Text Citation Templates<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#In_Text_Citation_Rubric\" title=\"In Text Citation Rubric\">In Text Citation Rubric<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#In_Text_Citation_Exercises\" title=\"In Text Citation Exercises\">In Text Citation Exercises<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#4_Steps_for_Using_Sources\" title=\"4 Steps for Using Sources\">4 Steps for Using Sources<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Step_1_Identify_Needed_InformationSources\" title=\"Step 1: Identify Needed Information\/Sources\">Step 1: Identify Needed Information\/Sources<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#How_to_Identify_Needed_Information\" title=\"How to Identify Needed Information\">How to Identify Needed Information<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Step_2_Conduct_a_CRAAP_Test_Currency_Relevance_Authority_Accuracy_Purpose_of_Each_Source\" title=\"Step 2: Conduct a CRAAP Test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) of Each Source\">Step 2: Conduct a CRAAP Test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) of Each Source<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Step_3_Introduce_Your_Source\" title=\"Step 3: Introduce Your Source\">Step 3: Introduce Your Source<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Step_4_Integrate_Your_Source_into_Your_Text\" title=\"Step 4: Integrate Your Source into Your Text\">Step 4: Integrate Your Source into Your Text<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Step_5_Quote_your_source\" title=\"Step 5: Quote your source\">Step 5: Quote your source<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/#Step_6_Cite_your_source\" title=\"Step 6: Cite your source\">Step 6: Cite your source<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_MLA_Citation\"><\/span>What is MLA Citation?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>MLA Citation<\/em>&nbsp;refers to the guidelines for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/\">citing<\/a>&nbsp;sources according to the&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/\">MLA Handbook, 9th Edition<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>MLA<\/em>&nbsp;refers to the&nbsp;<em>Modern Language Association<\/em>, an international organization that informs the discourse practices of teachers, scholars, and students in the humanities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The&nbsp;<em>9th Edition<\/em>&nbsp;is the current, official handbook of the MLA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/\">MLA Citation Format<\/a>&nbsp;provides <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\">writers<\/a> with two major ways to&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/attribution\/\">attribute<\/a>&nbsp;sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>in the actual&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">text<\/a> using a <em>parenthetical system<\/em>&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>at the end of a text on a&nbsp;<em>Works Cited<\/em> <em>Page<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MLA_In_Text_Citation_vs_MLA_Works_Cited\"><\/span>MLA In Text Citation vs. MLA Works Cited<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>bibliographical information<\/em> (e.g., <em>who is the author? publisher?<\/em> and so on) that MLA requires for <em>in text citation<\/em> differs from the bibliographic information MLA requires for <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mla-works-cited\/\">Works Cited Pages<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>In Text Citation<\/strong><br>See the article below to explore creative ways to introduce and vet <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/\">sources<\/a> inside the body of your paper in MLA citation style.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Works Cited<\/strong> <strong>Page<\/strong><br>See <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mla-works-cited\/\">MLA Works Cited Page<\/a> for a summary of MLA&#8217;s guidelines for constructing a list of references at the end of your paper.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-synonyms\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Synonyms\"><\/span>Synonyms<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>MLA Citation<\/em> is also known as <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>MLA In Text Citation<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>MLA Citation Format<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>MLA Format Citation<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>In text Citation MLA <\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>MLA Style<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Parenthetical Citation<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Related Concepts:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/annotated-bibliography\/\">Annotated Bibliography<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/\">Copyright &amp; Writing<\/a>;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/information-has-value\/intellectual-property\/\"> Intellectual Property<\/a>;&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/page-design\/\">Page Design<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/information-has-value\/plagiarism\/\">Plagiarism<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\">Rhetorical Analysis<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/\">Textual Research Methods<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Does_MLA_Citation_Matter\"><\/span>Why Does MLA Citation Matter?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\">Writers, speakers, and knowledge workers<\/a> in humanities-related disciplines use<em> MLA Citation<\/em> to acknowledge when they are <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/discourse\/summary\/\">summarizing<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>paraphrasing or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-citations\/apa-quoting\/\">quoting<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information\/\">information<\/a>. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Words matter. Ideas matter. People want to be acknowledged when others use their ideas, whether those ideas are expressed in conversations or <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">texts<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/diction\/\">Words<\/a> are a form of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/information-has-value\/intellectual-property\/\">intellectual property<\/a>, and they are governed by <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/\">copyright<\/a>. Failure to cite sources and acknowledge the ideas of others is called <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/information-has-value\/plagiarism\/\">plagiarism<\/a>. Acts of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/information-has-value\/plagiarism\/\">plagiarism<\/a> are a violation of ethics and integrity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Correct <em>MLA In text citation<\/em> is a signal of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mindset\/professionalism\/\">professionalism<\/a> across <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/workplace-writing\/\">workplace<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/academic-writing\/\">academic<\/a> contexts. Lack of correct usage suggests a failure to attend to detail or a lack of respect of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/information-has-value\/intellectual-property\/\">intellectual property<\/a> and copyright policies, conventions, and laws.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beyond being required by law and academic policies governing academic honesty and integrity, MLA citation matters<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>in school settings<\/em>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>teachers want to see that students can accurately summarize information and introduce it in ways that support rather than detract from your <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">purpose<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/voice\/\">voice<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/ethos\/\">ethos<\/a>.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>in workplace settings:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>readers are likely to question\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>whether <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/argument-argumentation\/claim\/\">claims<\/a> are supported by <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/evidence\/\">evidence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>whether <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information\/\">information<\/a> is cited <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/attribution\/\">attributed<\/a> according to professional standards.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Even if you use an <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/citation-tools\/\">MLA Format Citation Generator<\/a> to compile a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mla-works-cited\/\">Works Cited page<\/a>, you still need to know how to introduce sources into the body of your text in ways that support rather than weaken your <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/thesis\/\">thesis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/research-question\/\">research question<\/a>, hypothesis.<br><br>Knowledge of correct MLA Citation practices <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>helps you identify citation errors in your work and the work of others<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>empowers you to write your own citations, which can be less time consuming than using a citation tool.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MLA_Format_Citation\"><\/span>MLA Format Citation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<em><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/\">MLA Handbook, 9th Edition<\/a><\/em> provides a number of different ways to format <em>in text citations<\/em>, depending on the <em>bibliographical information<\/em> available about the source. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most generally, a standard MLA <em>in text citation<\/em> typically includes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the author\u2019s last name<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the page number of the source if available.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Note: Unlike <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/\">APA&#8217;s<\/a> or Chicago&#8217;s <em>author-date system<\/em>, MLA does <em>not<\/em> provide the <em>date of publication<\/em> along with <em>the author&#8217;s name<\/em> inside the parentheses. Most likely MLA excludes the date reference because writers using MLA are often citing literary classics, which are often reprinted on various dates by multiple publishers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This lack of a date in the parenthetical citations in MLA puts a bit of pressure on the writer to clarify <em>the dates of publications <\/em>when that&#8217;s important information for the reader to have. This rhetorical situation often comes up because writers are often articulating how ideas evolve over time thanks to ongoing investigations, ongoing <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/scholarship-as-a-conversation\/\">scholarly conversations<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Example_of_Standard_MLA_Template\"><\/span>Example of Standard MLA Template<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you were quoting or paraphrasing from this source,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Martyna, Wendy. &#8220;What Does \u2018He\u2019 Mean? Use of the Generic Masculine.&#8221; <em>Journal of Communication<\/em>, vol. 28, no. 1, 1978 pp. 131\u2013138. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01576.x\" class=\"broken_link\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01576.x<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>then your <em>in text citation<\/em> needs to reference <em>Martyna<\/em>&#8211;the author&#8217;s last name&#8211;and the page number. If you don&#8217;t have a page number because the source isn&#8217;t paginated, no worries: just list the author&#8217;s last name.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You have multiple ways to introduce sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_the_beginning_of_a_sentence\"><\/span><em>In the beginning of a sentence<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>You can put Martyna (the author&#8217;s last name) in the beginning of the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/sentences\/\">sentence<\/a>. Remember, the beginning of the <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/sentences\/\">sentence<\/a> is the most important part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/sentences\/\">sentence<\/a>&#8211;that, and the end of the <meta charset=\"utf-8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/sentences\/\">sentence<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sample_Paraphrase\"><\/span>Sample Paraphrase<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Martyna argues there were three major problems with using the generic <em>he <\/em>to refer to both men and women: (1) ambiguity (2) exclusiveness, and (3) inequity.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"At_the_end_of_a_sentence\"><\/span><em>At the end of a sentence<\/em><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes it can feel intrusive to introduce an author by first or last name in a text.   You will have occasions when you want to put the author &#8212; or sometimes multiple authors &#8212; at the end of a sentence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sample_Paraphrase-2\"><\/span>Sample Paraphrase<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><meta charset=\"utf-8\">(1) A<span style=\"font-size: revert; color: initial; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif;\">mbiguity (2) Exclusiveness, and (3) Inequity <\/span>&#8212; these are the three central problems with <span style=\"font-size: revert; color: initial; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif;\">using the generic <\/span><em style=\"font-size: revert; color: initial; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif;\">he <\/em><span style=\"font-size: revert; color: initial; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif;\">to refer to both men and women<\/span> <span style=\"background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); font-size: revert; color: initial; font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, &quot;Segoe UI&quot;, Roboto, Oxygen-Sans, Ubuntu, Cantarell, &quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;, sans-serif;\">(Martyna 131).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MLA_Advice_on_First_Name_and_Last_Name_on_First_Introduction\"><\/span>MLA Advice on First Name and Last Name on First Introduction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>MLA style suggests that you include both the <em>first<\/em> and <em>last name<\/em> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\">author<\/a> when you first mention the source it in your paper. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, rather than the above, on first mention the following might be more appropriate:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Using &#8220;he&#8221; as a &#8220;generically human term&#8221; creates (1) ambiguity . . . (2) exclusiveness . . . (3) inequity&#8221; (Martyna 131).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MLA_Approaches_to_Establishing_Credibility\"><\/span>MLA Approaches to Establishing Credibility<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes it makes sense to establish the credibility of a source when it is  introduced into a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">text<\/a>. Qualifications can be addressed succinctly. For instance, to continue the example from above, the following might work:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MLA_Template_for_In_Text_Citation_at_the_End_of_a_Sentence\"><\/span>MLA Template for In Text Citation at the End of a Sentence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes, when composing a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/text-composition\/\">text<\/a>, you may feel that it&#8217;s a bit intrusive to keep introducing sources by listing<em> first and last names<\/em>. Sometimes you may want to keep the flow of the sentence on another subject other than the first and last name of a source&#8217;s creator. In that instance you can follow this template:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sentence (Author Last Name).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MLA_Format_Templates_for_Special_Circumstances\"><\/span>MLA Format Templates for Special Circumstances<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Because many sources have more than one author and no page numbers (particularly electronic sources), the basic format discussed above won&#8217;t always work. See the chart below for common templates for MLA in text citations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/occasion-exigency\/\">Occasion<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Explanation<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Example<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><\/td><td><\/td><td><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing a source with no author<\/strong><\/td><td>Cite the next item in the bibliographic entry&#8211;typically the <em>title<\/em>. Shorter works should be in quotation marks, and longer works should be italicized.<\/td><td>(&#8220;Transparency&#8221;)<br>(<em>Encyclopedia of Rare Birds<\/em>)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing a source with no page number<\/strong><\/td><td>Cite the author&#8217;s last name (if available. If not, cite the title)<\/td><td>(Baron)<br>(&#8220;Transparency&#8221;)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing a source with a long title<\/strong><\/td><td>When citing a title (for sources with no author), truncate the title down to the first few main words<\/td><td>&#8220;Gender Affirmation through Correct Pronoun Usage: Development and Validation of Transgender Women&#8217;s Importance of Pronouns Scale&#8221;<br><br>&#8220;Gender Affirmation&#8221;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing a source with two authors<\/strong><\/td><td>List both last names in the parenthetical citation with &#8220;and&#8221; between them &nbsp;<\/td><td>(Ahmaud and Jones)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><br><strong>Citing a source with more than two authors<\/strong><\/td><td>Include the name of the first author listed (NOT the first alphabetically) along with &#8220;et al&#8221; (from the Latin &#8220;and others&#8221;).<\/td><td>(Xiao et al)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><br><strong>Citing multiple works by the same author<\/strong><\/td><td>Include the author\u2019s last name followed by a comma, and the title<\/td><td>(Baron, \u201cPronoun Showdown\u201d)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><br><strong>Citing two different authors with the same last name<\/strong><\/td><td>Include the author&#8217;s last name and first initial followed by a period (or first name if the first initial is also the same). &nbsp;<\/td><td>D. Smith &nbsp; J. Smith &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><br><strong>Citing information quoted by your source<\/strong><\/td><td>Include the last name of the original source, the words \u201cqtd. in\u201d and your source\u2019s last name.<\/td><td>(Lylye qtd. in Baron)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing Poetry<\/strong><\/td><td><br>Include the line number(s) in your parenthetical citation. Line numbers should be preceded by the word line or lines.<\/td><td>(lines 7-8)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing Shakespeare<\/strong><\/td><td><br>Include the act, scene, and line numbers and separate each with a period<\/td><td>(3.3.27-28) &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing the Bible<\/strong><\/td><td><br>Begin with the italicized version of the bible you&#8217;re referencing (which will be the first item in your bibliographic entry), followed by the book name and the verse number. &nbsp;<\/td><td>(<em>New International Version, <\/em>Mark 1.3-4) &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><br>Citing a tweet or social media post<\/strong><\/td><td>Use the author\u2019s handle or screen name<\/td><td>(@MoteMarineLab) &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"MLA_In_Text_Citation_Templates\"><\/span><strong>MLA In Text Citation Templates<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you have included any of the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information\/\">bibliographical information<\/a> ordinarily included in a parenthetical citation (e.g., the authors&#8217; names), you do <em>not<\/em> need to repeat that information in the parenthetical citation. After all, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/brevity\/\">brevity<\/a> is a major textual attribute of effective <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/academic-writing\/\">academic<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/workplace-writing\/\">workplace writing<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Scenario<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Example<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Explanation<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing a source that you\u2019ve fully introduced; no page number<\/strong><\/td><td>According to journalist and Harvard University foreign policy scholar <strong>Fareed Zakaria<\/strong>, \u201cRussia\u2019s actions in Ukraine are perfectly predictable.<strong>\u201d<\/strong><\/td><td>Because the source has been fully introduced in the signal phrase and there is no page number to cite, a parenthetical citation is not needed. &nbsp;<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing a source that you have not introduced, no page number<\/strong><\/td><td>It\u2019s notable that&nbsp;\u201cPutin describes Ukraine as inseparable from Russia in much the same way France described Algeria in the 1950s\u201d <strong>(Zakaria).<\/strong> &nbsp;<\/td><td>In this example the author must be named in the parenthetical citation because he is not named in the signal phrase. &nbsp;<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing a source that you\u2019ve introduced; with page number<\/strong><\/td><td><br>According to journalist and Harvard University foreign policy scholar <strong>Fareed Zakaria,<\/strong> \u201cRussia\u2019s actions in Ukraine are perfectly predictable\u201d<strong>(A1)<\/strong>.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/td><td>Because the source is fully introduced, only the page number needs to be included in the parenthetical citation. &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Citing a source that you have not introduced; with page number<\/strong><\/td><td>It\u2019s notable that&nbsp;\u201cPutin describes Ukraine as inseparable from Russia in much the same way France described Algeria in the 1950s\u201d (<strong>Zakaria A1).<\/strong> &nbsp;<\/td><td>Because the author isn\u2019t named in the signal phrase, the parenthetical citation must include the author\u2019s last name and page number &nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>**The same rules apply to <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/discourse\/summary\/\">summary<\/a> and paraphrase. You should introduce your sources and cite them even if you are not using their exact language.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Text_Citation_Rubric\"><\/span><strong>In Text Citation Rubric<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The criteria for evaluating in text citations may vary across academic and professional disciplines. Below are some commonplace <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/rhetorical-moves-in-academic-writing\/\">rhetorical moves<\/a> writers make when introducing sources or putting sources in conversation with one another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><\/td><td><strong>Fragmented, Writer-Based Citations<\/strong><br><br><strong>C- grades and lower<br><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Developing Awareness of Citation Practices<\/strong><br><br><strong>Grade: C to B+<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Professional, Reader-Based Citations<\/strong><br><br><strong>B+ grades and above<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Sources<\/strong><\/td><td>Some sources cited in the text are not&nbsp; listed on the works cited<br><br>It\u2019s unclear when the writer is introducing sources or quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing sources <br><br><br>It&#8217;s unclear which ideas are the authors vs. the authors&#8217; sources<br><br><br>The author rarely, if ever, takes a moment to contextualize sources &#8212; to introduce new information so that it\u2019s vetted from an information literacy perspective (e.g., Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose)<br><br>Some sources listed on the works cited page are not listed&nbsp; in the text<br><br><br>&nbsp;<\/td><td>Most sources cited in the text are listed on the works cited.<br><br>Most sources listed on the works cited are cited in the text<br><br>The authors&#8217; use of sources suggest they understand<strong> <\/strong>Information Literacy Perspectives &amp; Practices<br><br>Most sources are fully introduced on first use<br><br>Most information from outside sources is clearly cited using <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/\">MLA in text citation<\/a><\/td><td>All sources listed on the works cited are cited in the text;<br><br>All sources cited in the text are listed on the works cited<br><br>Sources are fully introduced on first use<br>Information from outside sources is clearly distinguished as such<br>All information from outside sources (including paraphrase and summary) includes parenthetical citations\/and or signal phrases&nbsp;<br><br>The authors introduce bibliographical information when appropriate (e.g., as an<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/pathos\/\"> appeal to pathos<\/a> or<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/ethos\/\"> ethos<\/a>) and when they summarize, paraphrase or quote sources<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Synthesis\/ Sources<\/strong><\/td><td>Some sources cited are credible and relevant<br>Source selection focuses on a single viewpoint, and may exclude important information that conflicts with central claims<br>Writing incorporates multiple sources, but they are treated individually, rather than synthesized.<\/td><td>Sources cited are mostly credible and relevant<br><br>Source selection considers at least two viewpoints, and avoids excluding ideas that conflict with their central claim<br><br>Writing synthesizes ideas in a way that is logical, but does not necessarily extend or add to the scholarly conversation<\/td><td>Sources cited are credible and relevant<br>Source selection considers multiple viewpoints, and doesn\u2019t exclude ideas that are inconvenient to the claims<br><br>Writing synthesizes ideas from multiple sources in a way that contributes to the scholarly conversation and finds cogent and meaningful connections between them<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Text_Citation_Exercises\"><\/span><strong>In Text Citation Exercises<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Look at the sentences below, each of which contains an incorrectly formatted in-text citation. Identify the errors in each.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The parlor metaphor of writing describes writing as entering into a conversation, as in arriving late and a parlor and talking to guests who have been there long before you have (7).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In \u201cArgument as Emergence, Rhetoric as Love,\u201d Jim Corder explains that \u201cEveryone is an argument.\u201d (1)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The narrator \u201cand why pretend? But lunch tomorrow? No?\u201d (Collins line 4).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The opening lines of the novel are \u201cLolita, light of my life, fire of my loins&#8221; (Nabokov, 1).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li> he opening lines of the novel are &#8220;Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins&#8221; (<em>Lolita <\/em>1).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Key<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The citation identifies the page number but not the source.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The punctuation should be outside the parenthetical citation, not inside the quote.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There should not be any punctuation after the citation when the quote ends with a question mark.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There should not be a comma between the author and page number.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The citation should include the author\u2019s last name, not the book title.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Steps_for_Using_Sources\"><\/span>4 Steps for Using Sources<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_1_Identify_Needed_InformationSources\"><\/span><strong>Step 1: Identify Needed Information\/Sources <\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The first step to finding appropriate sources is to reflect on your information needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During the preliminary stages of a writing project, when you&#8217;re engaged in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/prewriting\/\">prewriting<\/a>, drafting, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/\">rhetorical reasoning<\/a>, take a moment to reflect on what&#8217;s been published about a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/topic\/\">topic<\/a> in the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/archive\/\">archive<\/a>. Here be careful to make distinctions in the authority of available information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When discussing their sources for inspiration, writers often talk about the importance of reading other writers. They say they get their best ideas by reading the works of others. Sometimes people write to vet or refute the works of others. Other times people aspire to extend or develop knowledge on a given topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Identify_Needed_Information\"><\/span>How to Identify Needed Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What&#8217;s the status of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/scholarship-as-a-conversation\/\">ongoing scholarly conversations<\/a> about the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/topic\/\">topic<\/a>? What&#8217;s available in the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/archive\/\">archive<\/a>, the gated web, the open web, on the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/topic\/\">topic<\/a>?\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Which texts are <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/canon\/\">canonical<\/a>?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who are the thought leaders?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the major turns in the conversation? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What are the current scholarly debates? What are the research questions scholars are pursuing in professional, peer-reviewed, academic journals and presses?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who is your <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a>?\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Does the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a> privilege <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/evidence\/types-of-evidence\/anecdote\/\">anecdotal evidence<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/\">textual evidence<\/a>, empirical evidence? What <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/medium-media-social-media\/\">media<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/\">genre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/rhetorical-moves-in-academic-writing\/\">rhetorical moves<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/\">research methods<\/a> are you expected to use in order to communicate with your <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a>? <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/\">citation style<\/a> does your <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a> expect you to use? <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/\">MLA?<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/\">APA?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_2_Conduct_a_CRAAP_Test_Currency_Relevance_Authority_Accuracy_Purpose_of_Each_Source\"><\/span>Step 2: Conduct a CRAAP Test (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, Purpose) of Each Source<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Before you <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/\">cite<\/a> a text, be sure to critique it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sarah Blakeslee&#8217;s (2004) CRAAP Test provides five critical frameworks for evaluating the usefulness of a source:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>C<\/strong>urrency<\/td><td>Is the information current? Does the information reflect a turn in the conversation&#8211;some sort of new thinking about the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/topic\/\">topic<\/a>?<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>R<\/strong>elevance<\/td><td>How does the information relate to your claims and purpose for writing? Why does the information matter? <br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/authority\/\"><strong>A<\/strong>uthority<\/a><\/td><td>Who is the author? What are their credentials? Who is the publisher? Is the information peer reviewed? What research methodologies were used? <br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>A<\/strong>ccuracy<\/td><td>Is the information <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/peer-review\/\">peer reviewed?<\/a> Is it published by a reliable publisher? <br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-has-value\/the-craap-test-currency-relevance-authority-accuracy-purpose\/purpose\/\"><strong>P<\/strong>urpose<\/a><\/td><td>What can you determine about the source&#8217;s purpose? Does it have political, ideological, cultural, or other biases that may slant the information?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_3_Introduce_Your_Source\"><\/span>Step 3:<strong> Introduce Your Source<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When you first introduce a source, MLA recommends that you put the first and last name of the author in the sentence:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When writing about non-fiction, tell your readers where the information came from. Where was it published? Who wrote it? What makes the writer credible?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Example: The generic \u201che\u201d is described by&nbsp;<strong>Dr. Dennis Baron, professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois and author of&nbsp;<em>What\u2019s Your Pronoun<\/em><\/strong><em>,<\/em>&nbsp;as \u201cthe grammatical equivalent of manspreading.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In subsequent uses of the same source, you don\u2019t have to fully introduce your source, but you still need to contextualize the quote for your reader.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Example:&nbsp;<strong>The grammatical inconvenience of this missing part of speech resulted in calls for a gender-neutral singular pronouns. Baron notes<\/strong>&nbsp;that&nbsp;the singular \u201cthey\u201d first appeared in writing in 1370 and in 1792, a Scottish economist suggested adopting \u201cou\u201d as a gender-neutral singular pronoun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Example:&nbsp;<strong>After describing the natural diet and habitat of the flamingo and delineating its revered place in religion and myth, Price notes<\/strong>&nbsp;that New Englanders have \u201creproduced [the flamingo] and brightened it and sent it wading across an inland sea of grass.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When writing about literature, tell your readers who is speaking to whom about what. Orient them to what is happening in the story.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Example:&nbsp;<strong>Upon hearing that Romeo has murdered her cousin, Juliet exclaims, &nbsp;<\/strong>\u201cOh serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_4_Integrate_Your_Source_into_Your_Text\"><\/span><strong>Step 4: Integrate Your Source into Your Text<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When using direct evidence in academic essays, writers shouldn\u2019t ever start a sentence with a quote. Instead, the quote should be smoothly integrated into your sentence. There are three methods for embedding sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dialogue Introduction<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Use some version of <em>\u201che says\u201d<\/em> or \u201c<em>she says,\u201d<\/em> followed by a comma and a quote (the quote needs to be a complete sentence).\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Correct:<\/strong>&nbsp;Price says, \u201cAmericans in temperate New England reproduced it, brightened it, and sent it wading across an inland see of grass.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Incorrect<\/strong>: Price says, \u201cwading across an inland see of grass.\u201d\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Alternatives to \u201csays\u201d: admits, emphasizes, responds, agrees, insists, replies, argues, notes, suggests, asserts, observes, thinks, believes, points out, writes, claims, reasons, denies, compares, refutes, confirms, rejects, contends, reports, declares<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Introduction with a colon<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduce the quote with a complete sentence, followed by a colon and quote (the quote needs to be a complete sentence).<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Correct<\/strong>: Price ends the piece by noting the unnatural nature of the decorative flamingo trend: \u201cAmericans in temperate New England reproduced it, brightened it, and sent it wading across an inland see of grass.\u201d<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Incorrect<\/strong>: Price ends the piece by noting: \u201creproduced it, brightened it, and sent it wading across an inland see of grass.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Narrative Introduction<\/strong>:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Smoothly embed key words and sections of a quote into your own language. The key here is that if you are reading it aloud, it should be totally seamless. If you were to read it aloud, it would not be clear to listeners where your language ends and the writer\u2019s language begins. However, readers can discern this difference when writers use expected citation conventions for summarizing, paraphrasing, and quoting,\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Correct<\/strong>: Price notes that the flamingos stand out \u201cloudly\u201d as they are \u201csent wading\u201d through the lawns of \u201ctemperate New England.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Incorrect<\/strong>: Price says \u201cloudly\u201d and \u201cwading across an inland sea of grass.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_5_Quote_your_source\"><\/span><strong>Step 5: Quote your source<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When incorporating quotes from outside sources, it\u2019s important to quote the language of the original source exactly. However, sometimes quotes need to be adapted for space or clarity. When making adaptations it is essential that<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1) the changes are noted using brackets or ellipses<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2) the changes do not alter the meaning of the original quote<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At times, quotes will need to be adapted by pronouns to more specific nouns or vice versa for clarity or to avoid redundancy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>After Mr. Smith spent all day spying on his neighbors, [he] was dismayed to have discovered nothing.\u201d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In response to the unwarranted attack, \u201c[Mallory] launched into a passionate defense of herself.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Particularly when integrating narratively, it might also be necessary to change verb tense to conform with the grammar of your sentences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When Gene \u201c[jounces] the limb,\u201d Finny crashes onto the muddy riverbank below and \u201c[shatters] his leg.\u201d&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, you may find that you want to omit non-essential information from the middle of a quote. In these cases, use ellipses (\u2026) to note where content has been omitted. Use three dots for brief omissions, and four dots if a sentence or more has been removed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Morgan asserts, \u201cThe Russian sailor as a Harlequin thus is an archetype for Marlow\u2019s descent into the heart of darkness\u2026but where Marlow returns home transformed, the Russian sailor remains behind, slipping back into the darkness\u201d (37).&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s important to note that you shouldn\u2019t ever use ellipses to note when something has been removed at the start or end of a quote. Except in the unlikely event that you are quoting the very first or very last line of a text, readers can always assume that something preceded or followed quoted material, so ellipses to start or end a quote are superfluous.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_6_Cite_your_source\"><\/span><strong>Step 6: Cite your source<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As explained in detail above, the last step when incorporating outside evidence is to credit the original source via citation. Remember to include the first item listed in the bibliographic entry (author\u2019s last name or source title) along with a page number if there is one.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":44211,"parent":6568,"menu_order":0,"template":"","tags":[],"chapters":[1949,2536],"class_list":["post-43789","section","type-section","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","chapters-citation","chapters-mla-citation"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/43789","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/section"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/43789\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":67587,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/43789\/revisions\/67587"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/6568"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/44211"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=43789"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=43789"},{"taxonomy":"chapters","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/chapters?post=43789"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}