{"id":263,"date":"2012-01-21T14:29:58","date_gmt":"2012-01-21T14:29:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transfer.writingcommons.org\/2012\/01\/21\/copyright-and-writing\/"},"modified":"2024-10-01T13:25:18","modified_gmt":"2024-10-01T12:25:18","slug":"copyright-and-writing","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/","title":{"rendered":"Copyright and Writing"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"tts_content_wrapper_2\" ><p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>How might you more effectively integrate multimedia components into your assignment?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>\u201cLet rhetoric be an ability, in each case, to see the available means\u00a0of persuasion.\u201d<br \/>\n\u2013 Aristotle,\u00a0<\/em>Rhetoric<em>\u00a0(1.2.1)<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#With_great_resources_comes_great_responsibility\" title=\"With great resources comes great responsibility.\">With great resources comes great responsibility.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#Educational_versus_Commercial_Use\" title=\"Educational versus Commercial Use\">Educational versus Commercial Use<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#Fair_Use_Doctrine\" title=\"Fair Use Doctrine\">Fair Use Doctrine<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#Public_Domain_Not_All_Content_Is_Created_Equal\" title=\"Public Domain: Not All Content Is Created Equal\">Public Domain: Not All Content Is Created Equal<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#Copyright_Copyleft\" title=\"Copyright, Copyleft\">Copyright, Copyleft<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#Personal_Responsibility_Its_Up_to_You\" title=\"Personal Responsibility: It\u2019s Up to You\">Personal Responsibility: It\u2019s Up to You<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#Putting_It_Into_Practice_Copyright_Concerns_in_Composition\" title=\"Putting It Into Practice: Copyright Concerns in Composition\">Putting It Into Practice: Copyright Concerns in Composition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#Blogging\" title=\"Blogging\">Blogging<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#Remediation\" title=\"Remediation\">Remediation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/copyright-and-writing\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"With_great_resources_comes_great_responsibility\"><\/span>With great resources comes great responsibility.<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Composition does not merely refer to the writing of words on a paper or in a word processing document but also includes the holistic act of using all forms of media (images, videos, sounds, and texts) in a variety of different mediums (paper, blogs, websites, YouTube, podcasts, etc.).\u00a0Embedding images into your blogs posts, remediating text into images, and cutting and remixing video and audio are now daily realities in the writing classroom. If Aristotle were still around today, he would surely adjust his working definition of rhetoric to encompass not only the ability to see but also the ability to use the available means of persuasion\u2014and there\u2019s a lot out there.<\/p>\n<p>However, when you begin to use these resources in your own compositions, you\u2019ll find that it\u2019s not as simple as taking whatever you like. When we start composing with sound, audio, video, and image, we\u2019re much more likely to bump into legal guidelines as well. Copyright laws address which resources you can use, why you can or cannot use them, and how much of them you can use. The best way to ensure that you are using digital resources ethically\u2014and legally!\u2014is to stay informed. Unfortunately, staying informed on issues surrounding copyright laws can be very complicated, as sources that explain the laws tend to be intentionally vague, technical, and political. Below you will find a series of main points that attempt to provide a basic framework for understanding current copyright laws as they pertain to the multimedia resources you will inevitably be using throughout your time in composition and beyond.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Educational_versus_Commercial_Use\"><\/span>Educational versus Commercial Use<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>As seen in the video, there is a big\u2014and I mean big\u2014difference between using content for educational purposes versus using content for commercial purposes. Because we are in an academic context, both students and teachers alike have more free range in how they can use content. Movies can be shown, music can be played, and readings can be distributed as handouts because they are for strictly educational purposes and take place in face-to-face classroom settings. However, do not assume that the practices for using content in school are the same when you post material to the world online, share it outside of class, or even if you are trying to make money on campus.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fair_Use_Doctrine\"><\/span>Fair Use Doctrine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Content used for educational purposes falls under the copyright doctrine of fair use. Fair use is the right to use copyrighted material without permission or payment under some circumstances.<\/p>\n<p>And for people who love to make things, fair use is good news! It reminds us of the original purpose of copyright law as described in the U.S. Constitution: to encourage people to compose new works. After all, if people thought their writings, videos, and sounds could be reused freely by anyone, many composers would be unable to sell their work and make a living, so they might stop composing altogether. But that right to protect work you create shouldn\u2019t be 100% restrictive; there should be times when others can legally use parts of your work as they make new compositions. That\u2019s the whole point: encouraging people to make creative new compositions.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s where fair use comes in. It says, in effect, \u201cIf you\u2019re careful about how you use copyrighted work, you can do so without asking for permission from the creator of the work or the copyright holder. Be careful, but go and create new things!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>But there\u2019s a problem: the fair use doctrine is tough to apply exactly. From a legal standpoint, decisions revolve around four factors. Your answer to each of these questions will determine whether or not your use of content will indeed be characterized as fair use.* (There are also excellent online resources to help you think through where you stand on each of these factors.)<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>What is the purpose of your use of the copyrighted work? You first need to consider whether or not your use is for commercial or educational purposes.<\/li>\n<li>What is the nature of the copyrighted work? This question really comes down to whether or not the work is fact-based or creative. Ideas or facts cannot be copyrighted, but if you begin to enter into the area of creative expressions, then you will need to further qualify your work.<\/li>\n<li>How much of the original work are you going to use? Typically, you can only use a small portion of the work and from a numerical standpoint this varies. The rule of thumb is generally at around 10% of the original source is available for fair use, whether it is an audio file or video file.<\/li>\n<li>Will you harm the market for this product by using this material? Not surprisingly, copyright laws are in place to protect the personal \u201cproperty\u201d of the original creator. If the original creator is in a position to lose money from your use of the content, then chances are your use of the content will not fall under the fair use doctrine and you may be reprimanded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ultimately, like many legal regulations, the question of fair use comes down to a matter of intent. If you are using copyrighted content for school projects that won\u2019t circulate beyond the classroom, then chances are you will fall well within the fair use doctrine. But knowing the information above is important if you intend to use copyrighted material for commercial or non-academic purposes\u2014including if you share your academic work online for anyone to see.<\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Public_Domain_Not_All_Content_Is_Created_Equal\"><\/span>Public Domain: Not All Content Is Created Equal<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>While <em>fair use<\/em> refers to ways that you can legally use copyrighted material, <em>public domain<\/em> describes content that is freely available to use in your country however you want. Jane Austen\u2019s <em>Pride and Prejudice<\/em> is in the public domain, so you can do whatever you want with the text: <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pride_and_Prejudice_and_Zombies\">add zombie scenes into the story<\/a>, make a movie from the story and share it online, record yourself reading the entire novel and posting it online, copy and paste the entire novel into a blog post, or whatever else you can imagine. With a copyrighted book, you couldn\u2019t do any of these things without the permission of the copyright owner.<\/p>\n<p>In the United States, deciding what is public domain and what isn\u2019t is sometimes tricky. The short version is that if something was published before 1923, it\u2019s in the public domain; do whatever you like with it. If it was published after 1989, it won\u2019t enter the public domain until 70 years after the author dies. If it\u2019s in between 1923 and 1989, you\u2019ll have to do some online searching to make a determination of the work\u2019s copyright status.<\/p>\n<p>But don\u2019t miss this point: not everything on the Internet is in the public domain. Just because you can view the content on the Internet, which is provided for free in many places, it does not automatically give you the permission to disseminate the content for whatever reason. It is your own personal responsibility to ensure whether the content is copyrighted and it is up to you to figure out what the appropriate ways are to use the content.<\/p>\n<p>But almost always, it makes more sense to take a careful approach. If you don\u2019t know that you can legally use content, don\u2019t use it\u2014especially if you\u2019re sharing it online beyond the closed doors of a classroom environment. Say that a photographer takes a beautiful picture and posts it on her blog. Even if the picture and the blog say <em>absolutely nothing <\/em>about copyright, you <em>still don\u2019t have the legal right to use that picture in your own work<\/em> (unless your use can justifiably be described as fair use). Let me say that again: you can\u2019t just grab something from Google Images and use it in your own blog. Most of those images are copyrighted\u2014they\u2019re not in the public domain.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Copyright_Copyleft\"><\/span>Copyright, Copyleft<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Copyright laws are a highly political issue. Without going into too much detail, it is important to realize that there are very liberal ways to think about copyright (oftentimes people will call it \u201ccopyleft\u201d) and more conservative approaches. On the extreme ends, the liberal side would prefer a vast widening of what is in the public domain, making it much easier for remixers to legally use that content, and the conservative side would prefer a strengthening of copyright laws that protect the rights of content creators to strictly control what others do with their compositions.<\/p>\n<p>A common way to resist the strict limitations of copyright laws is to find content (and license your own content) through Creative Commons. This not-for-profit organization basically provides a safe space on the Internet for composers to share their compositions with only some copyright rights reserved, instead of reserving all rights. For instance, I can very easily license anything I\u2019ve created (a book, video, photo, sound file) with a Creative Commons license that tells others exactly what they can and can\u2019t do with it. Maybe I want people to use it however they want as long as they don\u2019t sell it. Maybe I want people to repost my work wherever they want as long as they don\u2019t change anything about it. Creative Commons offers many flexible options.<\/p>\n<p>And even better: you can search for the works of others that are licensed by Creative Commons, avoiding the legal problems of deciding if a use qualifies as fair or not. That is, if I\u2019m looking for a photo of Washington D.C.\u2019s Union Station, I have two basic choices:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Search for an image (say, with Google Images or Flickr) with no restrictions on my search. This may lead me to a copyrighted picture that I then have to either A) use illegally or B) use and decide whether or not my use qualifies as fair.<\/li>\n<li>Search  (which includes Google Images, Flickr, and other sites) for images that the creators have already been labeled with the explicit ways that I\u2019m allowed to use them through a Creative Commons license.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Option 2 is usually a no-brainer. Why not search for material that I can use without worrying about copyright law? The only time I would choose Option 1 is when I\u2019ve found material that is definitely copyrighted but which is so <em>perfect<\/em> for my project that I want to find a way to use it fairly. (And in that situation, I still need to acknowledge the source. Remember, citation guidelines are the same regardless of the <em>legal<\/em> situation I\u2019m in.)<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Personal_Responsibility_Its_Up_to_You\"><\/span>Personal Responsibility: It\u2019s Up to You<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Unfortunately, pleading ignorance in copyright laws is not possible. You yourself are always responsible for knowing copyright laws and for acting both legally and ethically with the use of others\u2019 content. This is no different than plagiarism in the university: whether or not you read the plagiarism section attached to the course syllabus does not change the fact that copying and pasting content from websites and including it word for word without any citation in your own paper is still considered plagiarism. At this point in your life, simply saying, \u201cI didn\u2019t know,\u201d doesn\u2019t cut it. If you are ever in doubt about the appropriate use of content, always as for permission. If you are confused as to whether or not your use of content falls under the fair use doctrine or is part of Creative Commons, always ask permission. Always.<\/p>\n<p>To stay informed, keep in mind these valuable websites. They provide a wealth of information and scenarios about copyright law:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 30px;\">creative commons<br \/>\nthecopyrightsite.org<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/centerforsocialmedia.org\/\" class=\"broken_link\" rel=\"nofollow\">centerforsocialmedia.org<\/a><br \/>\nfairuse.stanford.edu<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Putting_It_Into_Practice_Copyright_Concerns_in_Composition\"><\/span>Putting It Into Practice: Copyright Concerns in Composition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The above list of websites is by no means exhaustive and is simply intended to give you a brief introduction into the wild and wacky world of copyright laws. This topic can be very confusing, so it might be easier to understand these laws, regulations, and requirements in the context of the projects and practices you will actually be engaging in during your academic life, particularly as it relates to writing classrooms. Let\u2019s break it down into practice.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Blogging\"><\/span>Blogging<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Often, a part of your grade in writing courses is assigned to informal, public, or online writing. This may take the form of a blog or other social networking site.<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s say you are blogging and wish to embed an image from Google into your post. Your post is about photography and you want to include a really cool photo from one of your favorite photographers. What do you do? How do you attribute source to the image?<\/p>\n<p>Let\u2019s think about the citation\/ethical issue first, before we get to the copyright issue. In blogs, as with most web spaces, the way to attribute the content is to make sure that when the reader of your blog post sees the image, they are then able to click on the image and be led to the website or source from which it came. (Quotations usually work the same way online: you provide a link to the space where you got it.) Often a photo caption can also do this work, giving the name of the photographer and the title of the photo so others can find it if they want.<\/p>\n<p>That being said, even when you follow the ethical guideline of citations by providing a link, you&#8217;re not really fulfilling the legal requirements of the law if you don&#8217;t have permission to use the image. Just because you found the image somewhere online, you can\u2019t legally post it to your own blog. Your options are 1) find the email address of the photographer and ask if you can repost it, 2) choose another picture, or 3) decide if your use is fair. And as we said above, option 3 can be pretty tricky. Your use is more likely to be fair if you\u2019re writing critically about the photograph (as opposed to just using it as a nice decoration), if you crop out the parts you\u2019re not discussing, and if you show a good faith effort to allow the photographer to keep making money from sales of the photo (say, by linking to a purchase page). But even then, you might be found in violation of the photographer\u2019s copyright.<\/p>\n<p>In short, when reposting images on public spaces (like blogs), it\u2019s always safest to search for Creative Commons licensed content.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Remediation\"><\/span>Remediation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>One of the key concepts students of rhetoric and writing should be aware of is remediation; that is, you should be able to use and adapt content from other sources, reinterpret the material, and change the purpose and even audience of the content. Oftentimes, students will take audio and video clips from previous sources and \u201cremix\u201d them into new, original creations.<br \/>\nIf you intend to use audio or video clips in any of your remediations, then what you need to pay attention to is the actual length of the clip being used. Generally, less than 30 seconds or 10% of the original content will allow you to fall under the fair use doctrine and protect your work\u2014but even this is a guideline, not a rule, as all fair use guidelines are.<br \/>\nIt\u2019s also worth mentioning that parody or critique is far more likely to be seen as fair use than any other kind. So if you are making some kind of critique of an original that requires the use of the original in some way, you are on safer ground. Be sure to critique or parody the source using only the source itself and not content from other sources. It is less likely to be considered fair use if you\u2019re using other content in addition to the content you are critiquing or parodying.<\/p>\n<p>So here\u2019s an example: Jonathan McIntosh (real person) was troubled by the gender roles he saw in the first <em>Twilight<\/em> film. He didn\u2019t like the idea that the vampire Edward was stalking Bella and that this didn\u2019t seem to be a problem. McIntosh wanted to remind people that behavior like Edward\u2019s, in real life, would be seen as despicable and hurtful. So McIntosh planned a video remix that pitted Edward against Buffy from <em>Buffy the Vampire Slayer<\/em>. These characters never really met on screen, but McIntosh knew he could take clips from the movie and the shows that would make it <em>look<\/em> like they were talking to each other. And McIntosh knew that the character of Buffy would never put up with the troubling, stalker behavior shown by Edward. She would stand up as a strong woman and put a wooden stake through his vampire heart, just like he deserved. This is the video that followed:<\/p>\n<p>Now, McIntosh probably knew he was dealing with tricky copyright ground here. Both <em>Twilight<\/em> and <em>Buffy<\/em> are copyrighted. But the message he wanted to send (that <em>Buffy<\/em>\u2019s approach to gender is more positive than <em>Twilight<\/em>\u2019s) required him to use clips from those particular sources. He could have searched from public domain vampire footage or looked for Creative Commons-licensed videos about vampires, but then he would lose his whole point about Edward, specifically, being a problem that Buffy, specifically, could solve.<\/p>\n<p>To show that he had \u201cgood faith\u201d about these copyright issues\u2014that is, to prove that he knew about fair use law and honestly believed he was doing the right thing\u2014he posted a page called \u201cFAQs on Buffy vs. Edward\u201d that included this point:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 30px;\"><em>Actually I believe that \u201cBuffy vs Edward\u201d is a great example of employing my fair use rights, and that any appropriated copyrighted material constitutes a fair-use. Fair use is the right (under U.S. law) to quote copyrighted material without permission or payment, in some circumstances. If you are using the work for a different purpose than the original and using just as much as you need for your transformed purpose, then you have the right to use it without permission or payment. In this case, the original works are clearly transformed to make my commentary and criticism. No one, for instance, will mistake my video for the movie <\/em>Twilight<em>. You can learn more about your creative fair-use rights at the Center for Social Media, they have a great Code of Best Practices in Fair-Use for Online Video which will tell you everything you need to know.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>And just in case someone wondered if McIntosh was just saying that but was really profiting from the remix, which would contribute to his video being seen as <em>not<\/em> fair use, he followed the above language with this:<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-left: 30px;\"><em>A: Nope, I am making no money whatsoever off the video. There are no paid ads on my site, or on the video anywhere that I originally uploaded it. If you see an ad on or before \u201cBuffy vs Edward\u201d it is a re-post by someone other than me who is trying to make a quick buck off my work. I created this remix because I feel strongly about the issues raised (and obviously because I am a huge fan of <\/em>Buffy The Vampire Slayer<em>). As with most creative fan works I made it out of love. I believe there should be somethings in our culture that are not monetized. Also, I really hate ads on online videos \u2013 a lot!<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Because McIntosh was in the realm of fair use, he was free to post his video on YouTube for anyone to see without fear of being sued.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Is copyright law difficult and complex? Yes. Is there an overwhelming amount of information to know about the topic? Yes. Does having a cursory knowledge of copyright law make you a more informed digital citizen and a more responsible and ethical user of online and even traditional content? Yes. Technology has enabled composers to draw from such a wide range of content, with the amount of textual documents, images, videos, and audio clips at their fingertips surely in the billions. But again, with great resources comes great responsibility. Knowing copyright law is one of those responsibilities.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":6,"template":"","tags":[677,676,670,672,188,668,500,675,673,667,551,674,671,669],"chapters":[1846,1843],"content_type":[],"class_list":["post-263","article","type-article","status-publish","hentry","tag-academic-context","tag-assignment","tag-blogging","tag-composition","tag-copyright","tag-copyright-law","tag-ethics","tag-fair-use","tag-legal","tag-multimedia","tag-new-media","tag-public-domain","tag-remediation","tag-technology","chapters-information-has-value","chapters-information-literacy"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/263","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/263\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":68746,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/263\/revisions\/68746"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=263"},{"taxonomy":"chapters","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/chapters?post=263"},{"taxonomy":"content_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content_type?post=263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}