{"id":1742,"date":"2019-07-24T00:32:25","date_gmt":"2019-07-24T00:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transfer.writingcommons.org\/?page_id=1742"},"modified":"2024-12-16T13:46:49","modified_gmt":"2024-12-16T13:46:49","slug":"genre","status":"publish","type":"section","link":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/","title":{"rendered":"Genre &#8211; Why Is Knowledge of Genre Important to Writers?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"tts_content_wrapper_2\" >\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#Genre_Definition_%E2%80%93_What_is_Genre\" title=\"Genre Definition &#8211; What is Genre?\">Genre Definition &#8211; What is Genre?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#Genre_Knowledge_%E2%80%93_What_You_Need_to_Know_about_Genre\" title=\"Genre Knowledge &#8211; What You Need to Know about Genre\">Genre Knowledge &#8211; What You Need to Know about Genre<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#Six_Definitions_of_Genre\" title=\"Six Definitions of Genre\">Six Definitions of Genre<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#1_Genre_Refers_to_a_Naming_and_Categorization_Scheme_for_Sorting_Types_of_Writing\" title=\"1. Genre Refers to a Naming and Categorization Scheme for Sorting Types of Writing\">1. Genre Refers to a Naming and Categorization Scheme for Sorting Types of Writing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#2_Genre_is_a_Social_Construct\" title=\"2. Genre is a Social Construct\">2. Genre is a Social Construct<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#3_Genres_Reflect_the_Situated_Actions_of_Writers_and_Readers\" title=\"3. Genres Reflect the Situated Actions of Writers and Readers\">3. Genres Reflect the Situated Actions of Writers and Readers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#4_Genres_Embody_the_Situated_Practices_and_Values_of_Discourse_Communities\" title=\"4. Genres Embody the Situated Practices and Values of Discourse Communities\">4. Genres Embody the Situated Practices and Values of Discourse Communities<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#5_Genre_Knowledge_Constitutes_a_Form_of_Literacy\" title=\"5. Genre Knowledge Constitutes a Form of Literacy\">5. Genre Knowledge Constitutes a Form of Literacy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#Genre_Analysis_%E2%80%93_How_to_Engage_in_Genre_Analysis\" title=\"Genre Analysis &#8211; How to Engage in Genre Analysis\">Genre Analysis &#8211; How to Engage in Genre Analysis<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#Sample_Genre_Analysis\" title=\"Sample Genre Analysis\">Sample Genre Analysis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#FAQs\" title=\"FAQs\">FAQs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/#1_When_During_Composing_Should_I_Engage_in_Genre_Analysis\" title=\"1. When During Composing Should I Engage in Genre Analysis?\">1. When During Composing Should I Engage in Genre Analysis?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-genre-definition\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Genre_Definition_%E2%80%93_What_is_Genre\"><\/span>Genre Definition &#8211; What is Genre?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>G<em>enre<\/em> may refer to <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a naming and classification scheme for sorting types of writing \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>by the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">aim<\/a>&nbsp;of discourse<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>by discourse conventions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\">discourse communities<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>by a type of technology <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a social construct<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the situated actions of writers and readers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the situated practices and epistemological assumptions of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\">discourse communities<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a form of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/\">literacy<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Related Concepts: <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/organizational-schema\/deductive-order-deductive-reasoning-deductive-writing\/\">Deductive Order, Deductive Reasoning, Deductive Writing<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy-definition\/interpretation\/\">Interpretation<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/\">Literacy<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-modes\/\">Mode of Discourse<\/a>; Organizational Schema; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\">Rhetorical Analysis<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/\">Rhetorical Reasoning<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-stance\/voice\/\">Voice<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-stance\/tone\/\">Tone<\/a>; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-stance\/persona\/\">Persona<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Genre_Knowledge_%E2%80%93_What_You_Need_to_Know_about_Genre\"><\/span>Genre Knowledge &#8211; What You Need to Know about Genre<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Genre plays a foundational role in meaning-making activities, including <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/interpretation\/\">interpretation<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/critical-literacy\/\">reading<\/a>, writing, and speaking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In order to communicate with <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/clarity\/\">clarity<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\">writers<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">speakers<\/a> need to understand the expectations of their <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audiences<\/a> regarding the appropriate content, style, design, citation style, and medium. <em>Genres<\/em> facilitate <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/communication\/\">communication<\/a> between writers and readers, authors and audiences, and writers\/speakers and readers\/listeners. Genre and genre knowledge increase the likelihood of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/clarity\/\">clarity<\/a> in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/communication\/\">communications<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Writers use their knowledge of genre to jumpstart composing: a genre presumes a formula for how to organize a document, how to develop and present a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/research-question\/\">research question<\/a>, how to substantiate claims&#8211;and more. For writers, genres are an efficient way to respond to recurring <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">situations<\/a>. Rather than reinvent the wheel every time, writers save time by considering how others have responded in the same or a similar <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">situation<\/a>. Genres are like big Lego chunks that can be re-used to start a new Lego creation that is similar to past Lego creations you&#8217;ve created.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In turn, readers use genres to more quickly scan <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information\/\">information<\/a>. Because they know the formula, because they share with the author as members of<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\"> a discourse community<\/a> a common language, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/commonplaces\/\">common topoi<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/archive\/\">archive<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/canon\/\">canonical texts<\/a>, and expectations about <em>what to say<\/em> and <em>how to say it<\/em> in, they can skip through a document and grab the highlights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Six_Definitions_of_Genre\"><\/span>Six Definitions of Genre<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Genre_Refers_to_a_Naming_and_Categorization_Scheme_for_Sorting_Types_of_Writing\"><\/span>1. Genre Refers to a Naming and Categorization Scheme for Sorting Types of Writing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201c\u2026 [L]et me define \u201cgenres\u201d as types of writing produced every day in our culture, types of writing that make possible certain kinds of learning and social interaction.\u201d <\/p>\n<cite>(Cooper 1999, p. 25)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>G<em>enre&nbsp;<\/em>refers to types of writing, art, and musical compositions. For instance<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>alphabetical texts<\/em> may be categorized as <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-modes\/\"><em>Expository Writing, Descriptive Writing, Persuasive Writing, <\/em>or<em> Narrative Writing<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>movies<\/em> may be categorized as <em>Action &amp; Adventure, Children &amp; Family Movies, Comedies, Documentaries, Dramas.<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>music<\/em> may be categorized as <em>Artist, Album, Country, New Age, Jazz,<\/em> and so on.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>There are many different ways to define and sort genres. For instance, genres may defined based on their content, organization, and style. Or, genres may be defined and categorized based on<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">aim<\/a>&nbsp;of discourse\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examples: Drama, Fable, Fairy Tale, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the presence (or absence) of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/rhetorical-moves-in-academic-writing\/\">rhetorical moves<\/a>&nbsp;associated with recurring situated practices.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examples of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/prewriting\/commonplaces\/\">common<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/rhetorical-moves-in-academic-writing\/\">&nbsp;rhetorical moves<\/a>&nbsp;in&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/academic-writing\/\">academic writing<\/a>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Move 1 Establish a territory<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Move 2 Establish a niche<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Move 3 Occupy the niche (Swales and Feak 2004)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the situated practices, research methods, and discourse conventions of a discourse community\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>As members of a discourse community or culture,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\"> writers<\/a> and<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\"> readers<\/a> share socially-agreed upon expectations about the textual attributes associated with particular genre and social situations\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>(e.g.,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-format-example-sample-mla-essay\/\">formatting<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/the-first-person\/\">use of first person<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/evidence\/visual-representation\/data-visualization\/\">use of visualizations<\/a>, or&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/\">citation style<\/a>) of&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\">a discourse community<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Examples:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A research article written for a scientific audience most likely uses some for of an \u201cIMRAC structure\u201d\u2013i.e., an introduction, methods, results, and conclusion<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An article in the sciences and social sciences would use <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-format\/\">APA<\/a>&nbsp;style for <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/\">citations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>by the type of technology used by the sender and the receiver of the information.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"816\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/genre-wisdom-1024x816.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-45228\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/genre-wisdom-1024x816.png 1024w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/genre-wisdom-300x239.png 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/genre-wisdom-768x612.png 768w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/genre-wisdom-1536x1225.png 1536w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/genre-wisdom.png 1716w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sample <em>Genre<\/em>: Books on Wisdom<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Genre_is_a_Social_Construct\"><\/span>2. Genre is a Social Construct <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cGenres are conventions, and that means they are social \u2013 socially defined and socially learned.\u201d <em>(Bomer 1995:112)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201c\u2026 [A] genre is a socially standard strategy, embodied in a typical form of discourse, that has evolved for responding to a recurring type of rhetorical situation.\u201d (Coe and Freedman 1998, p. 137)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Genre<\/em> is more than a way to sort types of texts by <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">discourse aim<\/a> or some other classification scheme: Genres are social, cultural, rhetorical constructs. For example, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\">writers<\/a><\/em> draw on their expectations about what they believe their readers will know about a genre&#8211;how it&#8217;s structured (<em>what it&#8217;s formula is!<\/em>) and when it&#8217;s socially useful.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">readers<\/a><\/em> draw on their past experiences as readers and as members of particular discourse communities. They hold expectations about the appropriate use of particular textual patterns in specific situations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Or, consider this example: in the social situation of seeking a job, an applicant knows from&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/archive\/\">the archive<\/a>, the culture,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/scholarship-as-a-conversation\/\">the conversations about job seeking<\/a>, that they are expected to create a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/cover-letter-letter-of-transmittal\/\">letter of application<\/a>&nbsp;and a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/establishing-your-professional-self-resume-writing\/\">r\u00e9sum\u00e9<\/a>. More than that, they know the<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/point-of-view\/\">&nbsp;point of view<\/a>&nbsp;they are to take as well as the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/tone\/\">tone<\/a>\u2013and more. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Writers and readers develop textual expectations <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/epistemology\/tacit-knowledge\/\">tacitly<\/a> &#8212; by reading and speaking with others &#8212; and formally: by studying genres in school. Students are inculcated in textual practices of particular disciplines (e.g., engineering or biology) as part of their academic and professional training. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Genres_Reflect_the_Situated_Actions_of_Writers_and_Readers\"><\/span>3. Genres Reflect the Situated Actions of Writers and Readers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201ca rhetorically sound definition of genre must be centered not on the substance or the form of discourse but on the <em>action <\/em>it is used to accomplish\u201d (Miller 1984, p. 151)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Carolyn Miller (1984) extends this social view of genre in her article <a href=\"https:\/\/oportuguesdobrasil.files.wordpress.com\/2015\/02\/miller_genre_as_social_action.pdf\">Genre as Social Action<\/a> by operationalizing genre from a rhetorical perspective. Miller asserts genres are the embodiment of situated actions. In her rhetorical model of genre, Miller theorizes <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\">writers<\/a> enter <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric-definition\/rhetorical-situation\/\">a rhetorical situation<\/a> guided by <em><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">aims<\/a><\/em> (e.g., to persuade users to support a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/research-proposal\/\">proposal<\/a>). The <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric-definition\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\">writer<\/a> assesses <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">the rhetorical situation<\/a> (e.g., considers <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">purpose<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/rhetorical-stance\/voice\/\">voice<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/\">style<\/a>) to more fully understand the <em>situation<\/em> and the <em>motives<\/em> of stakeholders. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audiences<\/a> &#8212; whether reading, watching, or listening &#8212; are also guided by <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">rhetorical aims<\/a>. \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>For instance, a researcher could dip into a research study seeking empirical support for a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/argument-argumentation\/claim\/\">claim<\/a>. A graphic designer could open a magazine looking for layout ideas. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Genres_Embody_the_Situated_Practices_and_Values_of_Discourse_Communities\"><\/span>4. Genres Embody the Situated Practices and Values of Discourse Communities<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>&#8220;Genre not only allows the scholar to report her research, but its conventions and constraints also give structure to the actual investigations she is reporting\u201d (Joliffe 1996, p. 283).<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The textual practices of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\">discourse communities<\/a> reflect the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/epistemology\/\">epistemological assumptions<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\">practitioners<\/a> regarding what constitutes an appropriate <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/\">rhetorical stance<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methodology\/\">research method<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/epistemology\/knowledge-claim\/\">knowledge claim<\/a>. For instance, a scientist doesn&#8217;t insert their subjective opinions into the methods section of a lab report because they understand their <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a> expect them to follow empirical methods and an <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style-in-writing\/styles-of-writing\/academic-writing\/\">academic writing prose style<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Academic documents, business documents, legal briefs, medical records\u2014these sorts of texts are grounded in the situated practices of members of particular <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\">discourse communities<\/a>. Practitioners \u2014 e.g., scientists in a research lab, accountants in an accountancy firm, or engineers in an engineering firm\u2014 share assumptions, conventions, and values about how documents should be researched, written, and shared. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\">Discourse communities<\/a> develop unique ways of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/communication\/\">communicating<\/a> with one another. Their daily work, their situated practices, reflect their assumptions about what constitutes <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/epistemology\/knowledge\/\">knowledge<\/a>, appropriate research methods, or <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/authority\/\">authoritative sources<\/a>.<br><br>Genres reflect the values of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/discourse-community\/\">communities<\/a>. They provide a roadmap to <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/writer-speaker-author-rhetor-sender\/\">rhetors<\/a> for how to engage with community members in expected ways. (For more on this, see <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/rhetoric\/research\/\">Research<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-5-genre-knowledge-constitutes-a-form-of-literacy\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Genre_Knowledge_Constitutes_a_Form_of_Literacy\"><\/span>5. Genre Knowledge Constitutes a Form of Literacy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Genres<\/em>&nbsp;are created in the forge of recurring&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric-definition\/rhetorical-situation\/\">rhetorical situations<\/a>. Particular&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/occasion-exigency\/\">exigencies<\/a>&nbsp;call for particular&nbsp;<em>genres<\/em>. Applying for a job? Well, then, a r\u00e9sum\u00e9 and cover letter are called for. Trying to report on an experiment in organic chemistry? Well, then a lab report is due. Thus, being able to recognize which&nbsp;<em>genre<\/em>&nbsp;is called for by&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/occasion-exigency\/\">a particular exigency, a particular call to write<\/a>, is&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/\">a form of literacy<\/a>: If you\u2019re unfamiliar with a genre and your reader\u2019s expectations for that genre, then you may as well be from mars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-genre-analysis-how-to-engage-in-genre-analysis\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Genre_Analysis_%E2%80%93_How_to_Engage_in_Genre_Analysis\"><\/span>Genre Analysis &#8211; How to Engage in Genre Analysis<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When we enter <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">a rhetorical situation<\/a>, guided by a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/felt-sense\/\">sense<\/a> of <em><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">purpose<\/a><\/em> like an explorer clutching a compass, we invariably compare the present situation to past situations. We reflect on whether we have read the work of other writers who have also addressed the same or somewhat equivalent <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">rhetorical situation<\/a>, the topic, we&#8217;re facing. If you have a proposal due, for instance, it helps to look at some samples of past proposals&#8211;particularly if you can access proposals funded by the organization from whom you are seeking support.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For genre theorists, these are acts of <em>typification<\/em>&#8211;a moment where we <em>typify<\/em> a situation: \u201cWhat recurs is not a material situation (a real, objective, factual event) but our construal of a type\u201d (Miller 157). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words, genres are conceptual tools, ways we relate <em>situated actions<\/em> to recurring <em>rhetorical situations.<\/em> When first entering a situation, we assess whether this is a recurring <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">rhetorical situation<\/a> and whether past responses will work equally well  for this new situation\u2014or if we&#8217;ll need to tweak our response, our text, a bit.  For instance, if applying for a job, you might look at previous drafts of job application letters<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Genres are like prefabricated Lego pieces that we can use to jumpstart a new Lego masterpiece. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We abbreviate the experiences of our lives by creating idealized versions&#8211;i.e., metatexts that capture the gist of those experiences. Or, we access the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/archive\/\">archive<\/a>, or our memory of the archive, and seek exemplars &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/canon\/\">canonical texts<\/a>, the works of others who addressed similar <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/occasion-exigency\/\">exigencies<\/a>, similar <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">rhetorical situations.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To make this less abstract, let&#8217;s consider what might go through the mind of a writer who wants to write a New Year&#8217;s party invitation. If the writer were an American, they might reflect on the ritual ball drop in Times Square in New York City. They might recall past texts associated with New Year&#8217;s celebrations (party invitations, menus, greeting cards, party hats, songs, and resolutions) as well as rituals (fireworks, champagne, or a New Year&#8217;s kiss). They might even conduct an internet search for New Year&#8217;s Eve party invitations or download a party template from Google Docs or Microsoft Word. Over time, that writer&#8217;s sense of the ideal New Year&#8217;s party invitation becomes <em>typified<\/em>\u2014a condensation of the texts and rituals and stories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because we tend to have unique experiences and because we have different personalities, motives, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">aims<\/a>, our sense of an ideal New Year&#8217;s Eve invitation might be somewhat different from those of our friends and family\u2014or even the broader society. Rather than assuming it&#8217;s a good time to go out and party and dance, you may think it&#8217;s a good time to stay home and meditate. After all, as writers, we experience events, texts and rituals subjectively and uniquely. Thus, we don&#8217;t all have the same ideas about what should happen at a New Year&#8217;s party or even what the best party invite should look like. Still, when we sit down to write a party invitation for New Year&#8217;s Eve, this is a reoccurring situation for us, and we cannot help but be influenced by all of the past invitations we&#8217;ve received, what our friends and loved ones have recommended, and what we see online for party invite templates (if we engage in strategic searching).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sample_Genre_Analysis\"><\/span>Sample Genre Analysis <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Below are some sample questions and perspectives you may consider when engaging in Genre Analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/\">Aim\/Purpose<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td><br>Is the purpose to inform? persuade? entertain?<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/citation\/\">Citations<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>How do authors of this genre substantiate claims? For evidence do they rely on anecdote? theory? textual research? empirical research? <br><br>Which citation styles do members of the discourse community use?<br><br>Does the author use multiple sources to support one claim?<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/formatting-styles\/\">Format<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Is there a Table of Contents? a Works Cited? <br><br>What sort of sections\/headings are in the text?<br><br>Does the document incorporate elements of visual rhetoric? <br><br>Is it straight text or a mixture of text, visuals, white space, bullets, videos?<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Organization Schema<\/strong><\/td><td>Does the document begin with a thesis (<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/organizational-schema\/deductive-order-deductive-reasoning-deductive-writing\/\">deductive reasoning<\/a>) or does it lead up to the thesis in the conclusion (<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/organizational-schema\/inductive-organization-inductive-writing\/\">inductive reasoning<\/a>)?<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methodology\/\"><strong>Research<\/strong><br><strong>Methodology<\/strong><\/a><\/td><td>Does the writer rely on <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/evidence\/types-of-evidence\/anecdote\/\">personal anecdote<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-primary-research-scientific-research\/mixed-methods\/informal-research\/\">informal research<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/\">textual research<\/a>, or empirical research?<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/\">Style<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>What type of vocabulary and word choice is used? Are sentence long or short? <br><br>Does the author use contractions?<br><br>Are sentences written in passive or active voice?<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/point-of-view\/\">Point of View<\/a><\/strong><br><br><\/td><td>Does the author use first or third person? <br><br>What sort of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/persona\/\">persona<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/voice\/\">voice<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/tone\/\">tone<\/a> does the writer adopt?<br><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/topic\/\">Topic<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>What is the message?<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Sample Considerations for Conducting <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\">a Rhetorical Analysis<\/a> of Genre<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span>FAQs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-1-when-during-composing-should-i-engage-in-genre-analysis\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_When_During_Composing_Should_I_Engage_in_Genre_Analysis\"><\/span>1. When During Composing Should I Engage in Genre Analysis?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Early in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\">the writing process<\/a> &#8212; during <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/prewriting\/\">prewriting<\/a> &#8212; you are wise to identify the genre your <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a> expects you to follow. Then, engage in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/searching-as-a-strategic-exploration\/\">strategic searching<\/a> to identify exemplars and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/canon\/\">canonical texts<\/a> that <em>typify<\/em> the genre.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next, you might begin your first draft by outlining the sections of discourse associated with the genre you&#8217;re writing in. For example, if you are writing an Aristotelian argument for a school paper, you might jumpstart your first draft by listing the rhetorical moves associated with <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/argument-argumentation\/\">Aristotelian argument<\/a> as your subject headings:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol id=\"block-43491b5e-a7fe-4ca8-8615-9e39b231ab2e\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Introduce the Topic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Introduce Claims<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appeal to Ethos &amp; Persona to Establish an Appropriate Tone<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appeal to Emotions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appeal to Logic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Present Counterarguments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Search for a Compromise and Call for a Higher Interest<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Speculate About Implications in Conclusions<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>That said, it&#8217;s important to note that some people prefer not to think about genre at all during drafting. Research in <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/\">writing studies<\/a> has found that there is <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\">no single, ideal writing process<\/a>. Instead, our personalities, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/\">rhetorical stance<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/mindset\/intellectual-openness\/\">openness<\/a> to <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information\/\">information<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">rhetorical situation<\/a> (e.g., contextual factors such as time available and access to <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information\/\">information<\/a>)&#8211;and more &#8212; influence how we compose. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You may not want to think much about genre when<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>you only really know what you want to say once you\u2019ve said it\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>You&#8217;re the type of writer who needs to write your way to meaning. For you, writing is rewriting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>your <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">rhetorical situatio<\/a>n is unique\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Your <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\">audience<\/a> may have specific expectations in mind that you haven\u2019t addressed. You may be unfamiliar with how other writers have addressed that <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">situation<\/a> in the past. You may lack access to the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information\/\">information<\/a> you need to research how others typically respond to the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">rhetorical situation<\/a> you are facing<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>you find it counterproductive to separate form from content. \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>You reject the notion that writing is a process of pouring content into a pre-existing format. In order to draft anything, you need to focus on the process rather than the final product. For you a focus on genre short circuits your composing and reasoning processes. Instead of focusing on what the reader needs you to do, you need to first focus on listening to your inner voice and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/felt-sense\/\">felt sense.<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary, thinking about genre and reading the works of other writers addressing similar rhetorical situations will probably help you jumpstart a writing project. However, at the end of the day, only you can decide how to work with genres of discourse. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"898\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Genre-1024x898.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15738\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Genre-1024x898.png 1024w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Genre-300x263.png 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Genre-768x674.png 768w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Genre.png 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":33947,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","tags":[],"chapters":[1810],"class_list":["post-1742","section","type-section","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","chapters-genre"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/1742","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/section"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":261,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/1742\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":70122,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/1742\/revisions\/70122"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/33947"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1742"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1742"},{"taxonomy":"chapters","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/chapters?post=1742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}