{"id":11706,"date":"2020-02-26T16:34:00","date_gmt":"2020-02-26T21:34:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transfer.writingcommons.org\/?post_type=section&#038;p=11706"},"modified":"2024-11-12T13:39:26","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T13:39:26","slug":"plagiarism","status":"publish","type":"section","link":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/","title":{"rendered":"Plagiarism &#8211; Reimagining Authorship &amp; Citation Practices in The Age of AI"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"tts_content_wrapper_2\" >\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#How_Has_Plagiarism_Typically_Been_Defined\" title=\"How Has Plagiarism Typically Been Defined?\">How Has Plagiarism Typically Been Defined?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#How_Are_AI_Tools_Challenging_Traditional_Definitions_of_Plagiarism\" title=\"How Are AI Tools Challenging Traditional Definitions of Plagiarism?\">How Are AI Tools Challenging Traditional Definitions of Plagiarism?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#How_Are_AI_Tools_Changing_the_Way_We_Write\" title=\"How Are AI Tools Changing the Way We Write?\">How Are AI Tools Changing the Way We Write?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Rhetorical_Reasoning\" title=\"Rhetorical Reasoning\">Rhetorical Reasoning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Prewriting_Invention\" title=\"Prewriting &amp; Invention\">Prewriting &amp; Invention<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Researching\" title=\"Researching\">Researching<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Planning\" title=\"Planning\">Planning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Designing\" title=\"Designing\">Designing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Organizing\" title=\"Organizing\">Organizing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Rereading\" title=\"Rereading\">Rereading<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Revising\" title=\"Revising\">Revising<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Editing_Proofreading\" title=\"Editing &amp; Proofreading\">Editing &amp; Proofreading<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#How_Are_Faculty_Responding_to_AI\" title=\"How Are Faculty Responding to AI?\">How Are Faculty Responding to AI?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#How_Are_APA_and_MLA_Citation_Rules_Overlooking_the_Realities_of_AI-Assisted_Writing\" title=\"How Are APA and MLA Citation Rules Overlooking the Realities of AI-Assisted Writing?\">How Are APA and MLA Citation Rules Overlooking the Realities of AI-Assisted Writing?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#What_Does_This_All_Mean_for_Students\" title=\"What Does This All Mean for Students?\">What Does This All Mean for Students?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Related_Resources\" title=\"Related Resources\">Related Resources<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Citation_Guide_%E2%80%93_Learn_How_to_Cite_Sources_in_Academic_and_Professional_Writing\" title=\"Citation Guide \u2013 Learn How to Cite Sources in Academic and Professional Writing\">Citation Guide \u2013 Learn How to Cite Sources in Academic and Professional Writing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/ai-assisted-writing-and-critical-ai-literacy\/ai-theory\/plagiarism\/#Literacy\" title=\"Literacy\">Literacy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Has_Plagiarism_Typically_Been_Defined\"><\/span>How Has Plagiarism Typically Been Defined? <span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Plagiarism has traditionally been defined as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Theft of Ideas<\/strong>: Presenting someone else&#8217;s original thoughts, theories, or concepts as your own.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Theft of Words<\/strong>: Copying someone else&#8217;s written or spoken words without proper <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/attribution\/\" title=\"Attribution \u2013 What Is The Role of Attribution In Academic &amp; Professional Writing?\">quotation or acknowledgment<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Failure to <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/citation-how-to-cnnect-evidence-to-your-claims\/\" title=\"Citation \u2013 How to Connect Evidence to Your Claims\">Cite<\/a><\/strong>: Not properly crediting sources when <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/quotation\/\" title=\"Quotation \u2013 When &amp; How to Use Quotes in Your Writing\">quoting<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/paraphrase\/\" title=\"Paraphrasing \u2013 How to Paraphrase with Clarity &amp; Concision\">paraphrasing<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/summarizing\/\" title=\"Summary\">summarizing<\/a> another&#8217;s work.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Plagiarism can be intentional or accidental\u2014whether it&#8217;s deliberate copying or carelessness, like <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/citation-how-to-cnnect-evidence-to-your-claims\/\" title=\"Citation \u2013 How to Connect Evidence to Your Claims\">not knowing citation rules<\/a>. While the severity of offenses may vary, plagiarism invariably carries consequences in both academic and professional realms. A prominent example of these consequences unfolded in early 2024 with the resignation of Claudine Gay, Harvard University&#8217;s president. Gay faced mounting allegations of plagiarism in her scholarly work, spanning her entire academic career. Despite initial support from Harvard&#8217;s governing board, the persistent accusations and scrutiny ultimately led to her resignation, demonstrating the serious repercussions of alleged ethical breaches in academia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Are_AI_Tools_Challenging_Traditional_Definitions_of_Plagiarism\"><\/span>How Are AI Tools Challenging Traditional Definitions of Plagiarism?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Historically, in the U.S. and the Western world, the unauthorized use or theft of someone else&#8217;s words and ideas<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/attribution\/\"> without proper attribution<\/a> is a serious academic, ethical, and legal offense. Plagiarism<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/writing-styles\/academic-writing-style-guide\/\"> in academic contexts<\/a>, especially <em>intentional plagiarism<\/em> as opposed to confusion on the part of the student about<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/what-is-the-role-of-citation-in-academic-professional-writing\/\"> citation conventions<\/a>, typically warrants an FF on a student&#8217;s academic transcript. In<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies-definition\/workplace-writing\/\"> workplace contexts<\/a>, plagiarism may result in termination, economic, and legal consequences.\u00a0 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, thanks to the meteoric rise of GAI (Generative Artificial Intelligence) tools, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/\" title=\"The Writing Process \u2013 Research on Composing\">traditional models of composing<\/a> or concepts of plagiarism, authorship,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-ethics\/copyright\/\">\u00a0copyright<\/a>, and<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/attribution\/\">\u00a0attribution<\/a>\u00a0are under assault. Typical<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/discourse\/discourse-conventions\/\">\u00a0discourse conventions<\/a>\u00a0associated with plagiarism and<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-ethics\/academic-integrity\/\">\u00a0academic integrity<\/a>\u00a0fail to account for how some writers are<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/drafting\/\">\u00a0composing<\/a>\u00a0with AI tools. Yes, it\u2019s clearly plagiarism when a writer prompts an AI tool to draft an essay or<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/memos\/\">\u00a0memo<\/a>\u00a0for them and then submits that work for <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/writing-styles\/academic-writing-style-guide\/\" title=\"Academic Writing \u2013 How to Write for the Academic Community\">school<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/courses\/professional-writing\/\" title=\"Professional Writing\">work assignments<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet, is it plagiarism when a writer works with AI to facilitate (1)<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/\">\u00a0rhetorical processes<\/a>\u00a0(especially<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\">\u00a0rhetorical analysis<\/a>\u00a0and<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-reasoning\/\">\u00a0rhetorical reasoning<\/a>); (2)<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/\">\u00a0composing processes<\/a>\u00a0(e.g.,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/prewriting\/\">\u00a0prewriting<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/\">\u00a0inventing<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/drafting\/\">\u00a0drafting<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/\">\u00a0collaborating<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\">\u00a0researching<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/planning\/\">\u00a0planning<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/\">\u00a0organizing<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\">\u00a0designing<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rereading\/\">\u00a0rereading<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/revision\/revision-revision-guide\/\">\u00a0revising<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/\">\u00a0editing<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/proofreading\/\">\u00a0proofreading<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/sharing-publishing\/\">\u00a0sharing or publishing<\/a>\u00a0); (3) the development of<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/writing-styles\/\">\u00a0an appropriate writing style<\/a>\u00a0given<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\">\u00a0the rhetorical situation<\/a>; and (4)<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/\">\u00a0editing<\/a>\u00a0for<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/\">\u00a0style<\/a>\u00a0and<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/clarity\/\">\u00a0clarity<\/a>\u00a0(e.g.,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/brevity\/\">\u00a0brevity<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/coherence\/\">coherence<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/flow\/\">\u00a0flow<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/inclusive-language\/\">\u00a0inclusivity<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/simplicity\/\">\u00a0simplicity<\/a>, and<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/unity\/\">\u00a0unity<\/a>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Are_AI_Tools_Changing_the_Way_We_Write\"><\/span>How Are AI Tools Changing the Way We Write?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The boundaries of plagiarism blur when writers engage in ongoing dialogues with AI tools. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rhetorical_Reasoning\"><\/span><strong>Rhetorical Reasoning<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is it plagiarism when a writer trains AI systems to understand <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/\" title=\"Rhetorical Situation\">their rhetorical situation<\/a>, exploring <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/occasion-exigency\/\" title=\"Occasion, Exigency, Kairos \u2013 How to Decode Meaning-Making Practices\">exigency<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/audience\/\" title=\"Audience Awareness \u2013 How To Boost Clarity in Communications\">audience<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-moves-in-academic-writing\/\" title=\"Rhetorical Moves in Academic Writing\">potential rhetorical moves<\/a>. If a writer depends on AI to generate rhetorical strategies, is it still their original reasoning? At what point does reliance on AI become a substitution for critical thinking?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Prewriting_Invention\"><\/span><strong>Prewriting &amp; Invention<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is it plagiarism when writers ask Semantic Scholar, Consensus, or Consensus to summarize research on a topic, perhaps writing annotated bibliographies?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Researching\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\"><strong>Researching<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is it plagiarism when writers use LitMaps or Research Rabbit to visualize scholarly networks of papers? What if they ask the AI to identify canonical texts, the evolution of scholarly conversations, and research gaps?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Planning\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/planning\/\"><strong>Planning<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is it plagiarism when writers develop or use a chatbot to motivate themselves to engage in daily writing or to remind them of their writing schedule? The AI tool might send personalized prompts, offer encouragement, and help set daily or weekly writing goals, effectively acting as a virtual writing coach. Does relying on AI for motivation and time management impact the writer&#8217;s autonomy in the planning process? If the AI provides specific prompts or influences the direction of the writing, should this involvement be acknowledged? Where is the boundary between logistical support and creative input when using AI in planning?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Designing\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/\"><strong>Designing<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is it plagiarism if a writer asks AI systems to plan headings for their documents, to evaluate whether the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/purpose\/thesis\/\" title=\"Thesis\">thesis<\/a> is consistent and clear throughout the paper, to revise <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/organizational-patterns-structures\/inductive-organization-inductive-writing\/\" title=\"Inductive Order, Inductive Reasoning, Inductive Writing\">an inductive draft<\/a> into a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/organizational-patterns-structures\/deductive-order-deductive-reasoning-deductive-writing\/\" title=\"Deductive Order, Deductive Reasoning, Deductive Writing\">deductive argument<\/a>? If the overall plan or structure is significantly influenced by AI, does this diminish the writer&#8217;s ownership of their work? Should the use of AI in planning be disclosed?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Organizing\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/\"><strong>Organizing<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is it plagiarism if a writer uses AI tools to enhance the visual aspects of their work, incorporating concepts from <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/universal-design\/\" title=\"Information Design\">design principles<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/elements-of-art-elements-of-design\/\" title=\"Elements of Art \u2013 How to Leverage the Power of Art to Make Visually Compelling Documents\">elements of art<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/information-design-and-architecture\/information-design\/\" title=\"Information Design\">information design<\/a>. What if they employ AI software to generate color schemes (<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/elements-of-art-elements-of-design\/color\/\" title=\"Color \u2013 Color Theory\">Color Theory<\/a>), select appropriate <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/elements-of-art-elements-of-design\/typography\/\" title=\"Typography\">typography<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/infographic\/\" title=\"Infographics\">create infographics<\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/information-design-and-architecture\/data-visualization\/\" title=\"Data Visualization \u2013 Information Visualization \u2013 The Art of Visualizing Meaning For Better Decision-Making\">produce data visualizations<\/a> to complement their writing. How does the integration of AI in design affect issues of authorship and potential plagiarism, especially when AI-generated visuals are a significant part of the communication?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rereading\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rereading\/\"><strong>Rereading<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is it plagiarism if a writer asks AI tools to read their drafts aloud to catch errors, awkward phrases, or soft spots? What if they use AI to engage in sentiment analysis or to compare drafts?  Should these types of AI assistance be acknowledged, or do they dilute the writer\u2019s engagement with their own text?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Revising\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/revision\/revision-revision-guide\/\"><strong>Revising<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is it plagiarism if a writer asks the AI to check on whether or not their ideas need to be developed, reorganized, or rewritten? If AI-driven revisions substantially alter the original text, does this affect authorship? Is there an ethical obligation to disclose the extent of AI involvement in the revision process?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Editing_Proofreading\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/\"><strong>Editing<\/strong><\/a> <strong>&amp;<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/proofreading\/\"><strong>Proofreading<\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is it plagiarism if a writer asks an AI system to check their style (e.g.,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/brevity\/\">\u00a0brevity<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/coherence\/\">coherence<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/flow\/\">\u00a0flow<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/inclusive-language\/\">\u00a0inclusivity<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/simplicity\/\">\u00a0simplicity<\/a>, and<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/unity\/\">\u00a0unity<\/a>), syntax, and punctuation? When AI makes significant edits, at what point does the text cease to be solely the writer&#8217;s work? Should the writer acknowledge AI&#8217;s role in polishing the document?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Are_Faculty_Responding_to_AI\"><\/span>How Are Faculty Responding to AI?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The emergence of AI tools &#8212; such as ChatGPT, Perplexity, or Claude &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/semiotics-sign-signifier-signified\/\">signifies<\/a> not just <em>\u201ca paradigm shift\u201d <\/em>in the Kuhnian sense but an <em>&#8220;epochal shift&#8221;<\/em> &#8212; a monumental transformation in the fabric of plagiarism, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/authority\/\">authority<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-ethics\/intellectual-property\/\" title=\"Intellectual Property \u2013 How to Protect Ideas\">intellectual property<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In response to the rise of AI, faculty members are unsure whether to permit or prohibit AI usage for school assignments. Lance Eaton (2024) has been collecting <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1RMVwzjc1o0Mi8Blw_-JUTcXv02b2WRH86vw7mi16W3U\/edit?fbclid=IwAR1M4aMkOSICJ5qb5kQR3k249-7JKEykZhifYslfoqHlpPUi3gAwo-8V2Pw#heading=h.1cykjn2vg2wx\">faculty members\u2019 AI-policy statements<\/a> since 2023. Eaton\u2019s corpus of AI policy statements from faculty across disciplines and institutions demonstrates enormous disparities in faculty members\u2019 acceptance of AI in student work: some faculty permit AI solely for <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/\">invention<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\">research<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/revision\/revision-revision-guide\/\">revision<\/a>; others reject AI usage altogether. STEM and business faculty tend to permit AI usage whereas humanities faculty are more likely to reject AI usage, considering it to be <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/information-has-value\/plagiarism\/\">academically dishonest<\/a>. Across disciplines, faculty provide disparate <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/citation-how-to-cnnect-evidence-to-your-claims\/\">citation<\/a> policies: some faculty require every AI-generated <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/grammar\/sentences\/\">sentence<\/a> to be <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/citation-how-to-cnnect-evidence-to-your-claims\/\">cited<\/a>; others permit students to write a general note about their dialogs with chatbots; others call for students to estimate AI\u2019s contribution as a percentage of involvement with GAI tools.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Technorhetoricans assure us <em>this is not a new story<\/em> (Dobrin 2002). <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/drafting\/\">Writing<\/a>, a technology, is always under constant evolution. As a species, we are always looking for new ways to express ourselves. We are quick to adopt technologies, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/\">processes<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/medium-media-social-media\/\">writing spaces\/media<\/a> that make it easier for us to accomplish the tasks we want to accomplish (Baron 2009). Consider, for example, the use of hyperlinks at <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/\">Writing Commons<\/a>: these hyperlinks enable authors to layer <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/epistemology\/knowledge\/\">knowledge<\/a> hyper textually so if readers don\u2019t understand a concept, they can click and learn more about it.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-theory\/rhetoric-apparatus-theory\/\"> affordances and constraints<\/a> of today\u2019s hardware and software are altering the human experience, remediating our ways of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\">researching<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/problem-solving-strategies\/\">solving problems<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/interpretation\/\">interpreting information<\/a>, and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/\">thinking\/composing\/creating<\/a> &#8212; and challenging our conception of plagiarism and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/\" title=\"The Writing Process \u2013 Research on Composing\">the writing process<\/a>. To put it more simply, technologies shape culture. Consider, for example, how the printing press threatened the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/authority\/\">authority<\/a> of the Catholic Church: it introduced <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/genre\/argument-argumentation\/counterargument\/\">counter narratives<\/a>. It facilitated<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/sharing-publishing\/\"> the spread of ideas<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/hermeneutics\/\"> <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/?s=hermeneutics\">hermeneutics<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/\">textual-methods<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/empirical-research-methods\/\"> empirical research methods<\/a> &#8212; and the overall emergence of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/scholarship-as-a-conversation\/\">the conversation of humankind<\/a> (Bolter 2001).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As of 2024, many faculty believe GAI tools violate\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/information-has-value\/academic-integrity\/\">academic integrity<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/discourse\/discourse-conventions\/\">discourse conventions<\/a>,\u00a0and empower\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-perspectives-practices\/information-has-value\/plagiarism\/\">plagiarism<\/a>.\u00a0For these faculty, AI reflects the greatest theft of intellectual property of all time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2022, OpenAI released GPT-3, their groundbreaking language model that could generate human-like text. But this technological feat also sparked heated controversy. GPT-3 was trained on a colossal dataset of over 300 billion words, comprising millions of copyrighted books, articles, websites and other creative works, which were compiled without explicit permission from rights holders. <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-ethics\/copyright\/\" title=\"Copyright\">While OpenAI argued this data ingestion fell under fair use provisions<\/a>, The New York Times and the Writers Guild of America asserts it constitutes copyright violation and <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-ethics\/intellectual-property\/\" title=\"Intellectual Property \u2013 How to Protect Ideas\">intellectual property theft on a massive scale.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"930\" height=\"1050\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-24821 PM.png\" alt=\"Screenshot of NYT times brief against Open AI, MSFT, etc.\" class=\"wp-image-64520\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-24821%20PM.png 930w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-24821%20PM-800x903.png 800w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-24821%20PM-400x452.png 400w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-24821%20PM-768x867.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 930px) 100vw, 930px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Source: Screenshot of the NYT&#8217;s legal brief.  https:\/\/nytco-assets.nytimes.com\/2023\/12\/NYT_Complaint_Dec2023.pdf<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Lawsuits and concerns about copyright and aside, OpenAI\u2019s move proved pioneering. On many standardized tests, the next iteration of ChatGPT scored in the top 90% on some important, life-determining tests, such as the SAT or Bar Exam:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"815\" height=\"933\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-24-at-75930-AM.png\" alt=\"OpenAI's summary of Chat GPT's performance on a variety of standardized tests, such as the SAT or GRE.\" class=\"wp-image-66940\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-24-at-75930-AM.png 815w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-24-at-75930-AM-800x916.png 800w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-24-at-75930-AM-400x458.png 400w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Screen-Shot-2024-08-24-at-75930-AM-768x879.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 815px) 100vw, 815px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Source: OpenAI (2023)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n<p>As a result of the success of OpenAI, Claude, Perplexity, other AI startups soon followed suit by releasing their own large language models trained on corpora of open and copyrighted data. Presently, new AI models and new iterations of past AI models are announced on a nearly daily basis. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table is-style-stripes\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th><strong>AI Tool<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Description<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td><strong>Ask Your PDF<\/strong><\/td><td>Allows users to interact with PDF documents through conversation, simplifying data retrieval and analysis.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ChatPDF<\/strong><\/td><td>Upload a PDF and start asking questions to make reading journal articles faster and easier.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Consensus<\/strong><\/td><td>Analyzes scientific documents to extract key points and data, aiding faster literature reviews.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Elicit<\/strong><\/td><td>AI research assistant that searches, summarizes, and extracts data from over 125 million papers.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Inciteful<\/strong><\/td><td>Helps researchers discover and analyze academic papers and trends through visual maps connecting citations\/topics.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Ithaka GenAI Tracker<\/strong><\/td><td>A resource for tracking generative AI tools marketed to postsecondary faculty and students.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Keenious<\/strong><\/td><td>Finds research relevant to any text by allowing AI to analyze documents and explore results.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>LitMaps<\/strong><\/td><td>Visualizes relationships between academic papers to track developments and identify key influencers.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Perplexity<\/strong><\/td><td>AI-powered search tool for academic research, summarizing key findings but potentially including paper mills.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>ResearchRabbit<\/strong><\/td><td>Visualizes scholarly networks of papers and suggests related articles, like Spotify for research papers.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>SciSpace<\/strong><\/td><td>Provides access to over 200 million research papers and summarizes answers to research questions.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Scite AI<\/strong><\/td><td>Uses deep learning to evaluate scientific papers and provides &#8216;Smart Citations&#8217; indicating support or contradiction.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Semantic Scholar<\/strong><\/td><td>Indexes over 200 million research papers and provides related papers, background citations, methods, etc.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Undermind<\/strong><\/td><td>Uses Semantic Scholar to provide accurate results for academic research topics.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Admittedly, many of these tools are in their infancy. They are like human babies, just learning to walk and talk. Yet it&#8217;s clear they have a sharp learning curve. Some predictions suggest they will reach superintelligence by 2028 &#8212; a status where they are smarter than humans and will be engaging in their own independent research. If this happens &#8212; if AI tools can be smarter than Ph.D.s in a subject, capable of outputting in any language, we&#8217;ve got to wonder how society will reimagine the role of authorship and copyright. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"gb-container gb-container-a5555f92\">\n\n<figure class=\"gb-block-image gb-block-image-18d12b78\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"931\" height=\"698\" class=\"gb-image gb-image-18d12b78\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-17-at-35805 PM.png\" alt=\"Leopold Aschenbrenner`s data visualization illustrates the intellectual development of open AI systems, suggesting these systems will soon be achieving superintelligence. Source: (Aschenbrenner 2024)\" title=\"superintelligence\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-17-at-35805%20PM.png 931w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-17-at-35805%20PM-800x600.png 800w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-17-at-35805%20PM-400x300.png 400w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-17-at-35805%20PM-768x576.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 931px) 100vw, 931px\" \/>\n<figcaption class=\"gb-headline gb-headline-85b23ccf gb-headline-text\">Source: Aschenbrenner, L. (2024, June)<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In summary, faculty are troubled by the ethical foundations of GAI tools. They are troubled that Taylor &amp; Francis, a major academic publisher, recently sold (for $75m) access to millions of scholarly articles to AI companies without explicit author consent. They dislike grading student work that is solely written by AI. And they worry that when students have AI do their writing for them that they will not develop their critical thinking competencies or abilities to express themselves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Are_APA_and_MLA_Citation_Rules_Overlooking_the_Realities_of_AI-Assisted_Writing\"><\/span>How Are APA and MLA Citation Rules Overlooking the Realities of AI-Assisted Writing?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To summarize, the capabilities of GAI tools complicate traditional conventions for attributing and citing sources:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hybrid Writing:<\/strong>\u00a0The final product of human-AI collaboration often results in a blend of human and machine inputs. This hybrid writing process, where a writer uses multiple AI tools to refine a single sentence or paragraph, challenges the line between human authorship and AI contribution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Blurred Lines Between Paraphrasing and Original Content:<\/strong>\u00a0AI-generated text often falls into a gray area. It\u2019s not directly copied from any single source, yet it\u2019s not entirely original either. Tools like ChatGPT create content based on patterns in existing data, which challenges our understanding of what constitutes acceptable\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/paraphrase\/\">paraphrasing<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/summary\/\">summarizing<\/a>\u00a0versus plagiarism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Attribution Challenges:<\/strong>\u00a0Many AI tools don\u2019t inherently provide\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/understand-when-citations-are-required-in-academic-professional-writing\/\">citations<\/a>\u00a0for the information they use. Because the LLMs may include false information and papers from papermills, users may unknowingly present AI-generated content that includes misinformation, raising questions about how to properly\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/attribution\/\">attribute<\/a>\u00a0this\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/information-literacy-ecosystem-core-concepts\/information\/\">information<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Style Imitation:<\/strong>\u00a0While mimicking an author\u2019s style has been considered by some to be a form of plagiarism, AI tools can now generate content in specific styles or voices. Many AI tools can produce text in the style of famous writers, further complicating the definition of plagiarism in terms of style appropriation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Regardless of these complexities,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/\">citation styles<\/a>\u00a0such as\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/\">MLA<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/\">APA<\/a>\u00a0call for writers to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/citation-how-to-cnnect-evidence-to-your-claims\/\">cite<\/a>\u00a0<em>all work<\/em>\u00a0drafted by AI:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/blog\/how-to-cite-chatgpt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">APA 7th Edition (2023)<\/a>:<\/strong> Recommends citing AI tools as the author, with in-text citations and references adapted from the reference template for software.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>MLA 9th Edition (2024)<\/strong> Suggests citing AI-generated content whenever it is paraphrased, quoted, or incorporated into one&#8217;s work, including information about the prompt in the &#8220;Title of Source&#8221; element if not mentioned in the text.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>While these guidelines provide a framework, they are often impractical in real-world writing contexts. Here are several challenges with these citation conventions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Dynamic Nature of AI Interactions:<\/strong> Users often engage in iterative dialogues with AI tools, constantly refining content. This dynamic process, where a writer revises content in an ongoing dialog with AI, complicates the determination of <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/what-is-the-role-of-citation-in-academic-professional-writing\/\" title=\"Citation Conventions \u2013 What is the Role of Citation in Academic &amp; Professional Writing?\">what should be cited<\/a> and how to cite three or four AI tools that helped a writer refine a <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/style\/elements-of-style\/diction\/figurative-language\/metaphor\/\" title=\"Metaphor\">metaphor<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/voice\/\" title=\"Persona\">voice<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/tone\/\" title=\"Tone\">tone<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/persona\/\" title=\"Persona\">persona<\/a> &#8212; or whatnot. In response, some teachers ask students to submit chat logs with their assignments. There are apps freely available to allow students to record their composing sessions and then freely share their recordings via gDocs or a file upload. Yet teachers do not have the time to review hundreds of pages of dialogs with dozens of AI tools. As a result, students are unsure if they should cite a lengthy discussion they\u2019ve had with a chatbot for days, even weeks, that helped them develop their thinking. As a society, we need to come with a new vision of the writing process &#8211;new set of discourse conventions that govern whether you are guilty of plagiarism if you use an AI tool for mentorship<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Multiple AI Tool Usage:<\/strong> In the real world, professional writers may jump between multiple tools\u2014perhaps using ChatGPT to draft a sentence, Jasper to rewrite it for clarity, and Grammarly to edit it for grammar. How does one cite such a dynamic process? It&#8217;s unrealistic to expect writers to track each minor AI contribution, especially when several tools collaborate on revising even a single paragraph. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>AI Use Throughout the Writing Process:<\/strong> Current citation guidelines do not account for this broad range of use, complicating the practical application of citation rules. AI tools can be used\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>throughout the <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/\" title=\"Rhetoric: Exploring Its Definition and Impact on Modern Communication\">rhetorical process<\/a> (for <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/research-methods\/textual-methods\/rhetorical-analysis\/\" title=\"Rhetorical Analysis\">rhetorical analysis<\/a> of the communication situation and rhetorical reasoning)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>throughout the writing process (<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/prewriting\/\">prewriting<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/invention\/\">inventing<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/drafting\/\">drafting<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/collaboration\/\">collaborating<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/research\/\">researching<\/a>, &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/planning\/\">planning<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/organization\/\">organizing<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/design\/\">designing<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rereading\/\">rereading<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/revision\/revision-revision-guide\/\">revising<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/\">editing<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/editing\/proofreading\/\">proofreading<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/sharing-publishing\/\">sharing or publishing<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>throughout efforts to improve <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/voice\/\" title=\"Voice\">voice<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/tone\/\" title=\"Tone\">tone<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-stance\/persona\/\" title=\"Persona\">persona<\/a> or the writer&#8217;s style. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>throughout the editing process, such as checking a draft for brevity, coherence, flow, inclusivity, simplicity, and unity. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Comparison to Human Assistance:<\/strong> How does using AI tools compare to receiving feedback from tutors, teachers, peers, or editors? Should these be treated equally? Existing guidelines don&#8217;t fully account for the nuances of these human vs. AI comparisons, making it difficult to establish clear citation norms.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Given this milieu, the<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/\"> MLA<\/a> and<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/\"> APA<\/a> citation guidelines are out of touch. Their guidelines are as helpful as saying to NASA astronauts they are expected to walk on the moon without setting foot on the moon. In response to these<a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-process\/\"> new writing processes<\/a>, academe is in turmoil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Does_This_All_Mean_for_Students\"><\/span>What Does This All Mean for Students?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Because faculty have such disparate notions about whether use of AI constitutes plagiarism, students are unsure whether or not it&#8217;s ethical to use AI to complete assignments. At this point, it appears about half of the students in the U.S. have dabbled with AI: a 2023 survey of 1600 students across 600 institutions conducted by Turnitin found 46% of students had used AI for coursework (Coffey 2023). A second 2023 survey of 1000 undergraduate and graduate students conducted by BestColleges found 56% had used AI to complete coursework (Nam 2023).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_Resources\"><\/span><strong>Related Resources<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Citation_Guide_%E2%80%93_Learn_How_to_Cite_Sources_in_Academic_and_Professional_Writing\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/\">Citation Guide \u2013 Learn How to Cite Sources in Academic and Professional Writing<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/\">APA &#8211; Publication Manual of the APA: 7th Edition<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-abstracts\/\">APA Abstracts<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-body\/\">APA Body<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-citations\/\">APA Citations<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>APA Paraphrase<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-citations\/apa-quoting\/\" title=\"APA Quoting\">APA Quotations<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-citations\/apa-summary\/\" title=\"APA Summary\">APA Summary<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-footnotes\/\">APA Footnotes<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-format\/\">APA Format \u2013 General Formatting Guidelines<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-headings-and-subheadings\/\">APA Headings and Subheadings<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-references\/\">APA References<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/apa-sections\/\">APA Sections<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/apa-7th-edition\/formatting-the-title-page-apa\/\">APA Title Page<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Attribution &#8212; What is the Role of Attribution in Academic andn Professional Writing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/\" title=\"Citation Guide - Learn How to Cite Sources in Academic and Professional Writing\">Citation Guide &#8211; Learn How to Cite Sources in Academic and Professional Writing<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation-how-to-cnnect-evidence-to-your-claims\/\" title=\"Citation \u2013 How to Connect Evidence to Your Claims\">Citation &#8211; How to Connect Evidence to Your Claims<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/citation-voice-how-to-distinguish-your-ideas-from-your-sources\/\" title=\"Citation &amp; Voice \u2013 How to Distinguish Your Ideas from Your Sources\">Citation &amp; Voice &#8211; How to Distinguish Your Ideas from Your Sources<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/what-is-the-role-of-citation-in-academic-professional-writing\/\">Citation Conventions &#8211; What is the Role of Citation in Academic &amp; Professional Writing?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/understand-when-citations-are-required-in-academic-professional-writing\/\">Citation Conventions &#8211; When Are Citations Required in Academic &amp; Professional Writing?<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/paraphrase\/\">Paraphrasing &#8211; How to Paraphrase with Clarity &amp; Concision<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/quotation\/\">Quotation &#8211; When &amp; How to Use Quotes in Your Writing<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/quotation\/follow-mla-guidelines-for-block-quotations\/\">Block Quotations<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/how-to-cite-sources-in-academic-and-professional-writing\/summary\/\">Summary &#8211; Learn How To Summarize Sources in Academic &amp; Professional Writing<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/citation-tools\/\">Citation Tools<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/\">MLA &#8211; MLA Handbook, 9th Edition<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/\">MLA Citation &#8211; MLA In Text Citation<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/quoting-in-mla\/\">Quoting in MLA &#8211; Definition &amp; Examples<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-citation\/quoting-plays-and-poetry-in-mla\/\">Quoting Plays and Poetry in MLA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-format\/\">MLA Format<\/a>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-format\/mla-format-example-sample-mla-essay\/\">MLA Format Example: Sample MLA Format Essay<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/citation\/mla-style\/mla-works-cited\/\">MLA Works Cited<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Literacy\"><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/literacy\/\">Literacy<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/cognitive-intrapersonal-and-interpersonal-literacies\/\" title=\"Cognitive, Intrapersonal, and Interpersonal Literacies\">Cognitive, Intrapersonal, and Interpersonal Literacies<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/communication\/\">Communication<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Critical Literacy\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/interpretation\/\">Interpretation &#8211; Interpretative Frameworks<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/textuality-intertextuality\/\" title=\"Textuality \u2013 Intertextuality\">Textuality &#8211; Intertextuality<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/information-literacy\/digital-literacy\/\">Digital Literacy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/quantitative-literacy\/\">Quantitative Literacy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing-studies\/semiotics-sign-signifier-signified\/\">Semiotics: Sign, Signifier, Signified<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/literacy\/symbolic-communication\/\" title=\"Symbolic Communication\">Symbolic Communication<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Symbolic Systems<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/rhetoric\/rhetorical-situation\/medium-media-social-media\/visual-language\/\" title=\"Visual Language\">Visual Language<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/information-literacy\/visual-literacy\/\">Visual Literacy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/section\/writing\/\">Writing<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":64222,"parent":69161,"menu_order":0,"template":"","tags":[],"chapters":[2627,2547],"class_list":["post-11706","section","type-section","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","chapters-composing-with-ai","chapters-discourse"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/11706","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/section"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":149,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/11706\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":68752,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/11706\/revisions\/68752"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/section\/69161"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/64222"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11706"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11706"},{"taxonomy":"chapters","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/chapters?post=11706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}