{"id":1060,"date":"2015-04-07T18:01:27","date_gmt":"2015-04-07T18:01:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transfer.writingcommons.org\/2015\/04\/07\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/"},"modified":"2022-01-22T07:17:36","modified_gmt":"2022-01-22T12:17:36","slug":"audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/","title":{"rendered":"Audiovisual Presentations Made Easy(-ier): Tips for Creating an Effective PowerPoint, Prezi, or Keynote"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"tts_content_wrapper_2\" >\n<p>At some point in your academic or professional life, you\u2019ll have to stand in front of people and give a talk about a subject, and quite often, you\u2019ll be asked to prepare visual materials to accompany your talk. You might prepare handouts, but odds are, you\u2019ll be asked to prepare materials that you can project on a video screen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The classic version of these projected materials is the overhead transparency, a thin sheet of clear plastic that you can run through a laser printer or write on with special markers; this medium is slowly disappearing, but it\u2019s still around. Sometimes, you might be able to prepare paper documents and project them to a screen via a document camera, but doc cams aren\u2019t entirely common, and they can only present static images. Instead, you\u2019ll usually be asked to create a dynamic presentation using software such as PowerPoint, Prezi, or Keynote. Many other programs exist, including what Google has to offer, but these are the three most common presentation programs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each program has its own special abilities and strengths, but they all share common basic principles that you can manipulate to create memorable, effective, and interesting presentations. Here, you\u2019ll learn basic principles to<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>select an effective presentation format<\/li><li>choose readable typefaces<\/li><li>place visual elements onscreen<\/li><li>choose colors<\/li><li>select appropriate backgrounds<\/li><li>choose visual and audio effects<\/li><li>deliver a memorable, effective presentation&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_69_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/#Three_Major_Presentation_Formats\" title=\"Three Major Presentation Formats\">Three Major Presentation Formats<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/#How_to_Choose_a_Typeface\" title=\"How to Choose a Typeface\">How to Choose a Typeface<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/#How_to_Think_about_Layout\" title=\"How to Think about Layout\">How to Think about Layout<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/#How_to_Choose_Good_Colors\" title=\"How to Choose Good Colors\">How to Choose Good Colors<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/#How_to_Choose_Appropriate_Backgrounds\" title=\"How to Choose Appropriate Backgrounds\">How to Choose Appropriate Backgrounds<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/#Visual_and_Audio_Effects\" title=\"Visual and Audio Effects\">Visual and Audio Effects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/#Delivery_Techniques\" title=\"Delivery Techniques\">Delivery Techniques<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/article\/audiovisual-presentations-made-easy-ier-tips-for-creating-an-effective-powerpoint-prezi-or-keynote\/#Conclusion\" title=\"Conclusion\">Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Three_Major_Presentation_Formats\"><\/span>Three Major Presentation Formats<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>You can choose from three basic type of format for a presentation based on PowerPoint, Prezi, or Keynote:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>bullet points<\/li><li>illustrated points<\/li><li>speaker\u2019s prop<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The format you choose should fit your audience and your presentation\u2019s subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bullet Points. The bullet point format is the default layout that most PowerPoint users and viewers are familiar with. Slides created in this format commonly include a title across the top and a cascading series of bulleted lines of text inside a slide\u2019s main text box. An example of this kind of slide appears below, in Figure 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"957\" height=\"719\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_1.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 1\" class=\"wp-image-1040\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_1.jpg 957w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_1-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 957px) 100vw, 957px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Figure 1: PPT slide using bullet point format<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bullet point-format presentations have several benefits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>They are easy to prepare. Just type, press Enter for a new line, and press Tab to create a smaller bullet or Shift+Tab to make a larger bullet.<\/li><li>They are useful for highlighting important words or naming concepts that an audience needs to learn.<\/li><li>They project a serious tone.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>However, bullet-point format presentations also can be boring, and an overload of words will make your audience cringe. You have probably endured at least one bad PowerPoint in your life, and odds are, that bad presentation used the bullet point format.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Illustrated Points. The illustrated points format is similar, but slides created in this type of presentation focus on pictures, and text appears in a supporting role. An example of this kind of slide appears in Figure 2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"956\" height=\"719\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_2.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 2\" class=\"wp-image-1041\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_2.jpg 956w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_2-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_2-768x578.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 956px) 100vw, 956px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Figure 2: PPT slide using illustrated points format<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Illustrated points-format slides have several benefits:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>They are excellent for showing conceptual relationships or demonstrating physical relationships between objects.<\/li><li>People often respond positively to pictures, so illustrated points-format slides also tend to capture viewers\u2019 interest more than all-text presentations do.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These slides require more detailed preparation, though, and they tend to be more visually \u201cbusy,\u201d so if your audience has problems concentrating, or if it\u2019s vital that you highlight important words, you may want a more text-based approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Illustrated points-format slides can also be combined with bullet point-format slides inside the same presentation. See Figure 3 for an example of a PowerPoint that includes both types of slide.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"961\" height=\"721\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_3a.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3a\" class=\"wp-image-1042\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_3a.jpg 961w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_3a-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_3a-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 961px) 100vw, 961px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"721\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_3b.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 3b\" class=\"wp-image-1043\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_3b.jpg 960w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_3b-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_3b-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 3: Combination of bullet points (top) and illustrated points (bottom) slides in one PowerPoint<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Speaker\u2019s Prop. The speaker\u2019s prop format is similar to the illustrated points format, but a speaker\u2019s prop almost entirely consists of simple pictures that flash onscreen in rapid sequence. Any text that appears is usually very short, uses a large font, and only appears for a moment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A speaker\u2019s prop is appropriate for abstract subjects (e.g, the nature of free will), and if it is done well, it can be fascinating and will engage an audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, this type of presentation is often more complex and time-consuming to prepare than a presentation in the other formats, and you run the risk of making it so entertaining that the audience may remember the presentation but forget what you said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A well-done example of a speaker\u2019s prop presentation appears in this video:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Identity 2.0 Keynote\" width=\"1200\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RrpajcAgR1E?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"733\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/fig_4.jpg\" alt=\"fig 4\" class=\"wp-image-1044\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/fig_4.jpg 733w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/fig_4-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 4: Screen capture of speaker&#8217;s prop presentation&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whichever format you choose, remember that the presentation software is your servant; don\u2019t let it tell you what to do. Always modify a template to suit your needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As an excellent example of what not to do, consider Peter Norvig\u2019s classic Gettysburg PowerPoint: <a href=\"http:\/\/norvig.com\/Gettysburg\/\">http:\/\/norvig.com\/Gettysburg\/<\/a>. It\u2019s a satirical example of how an excellent speech\u2014in this case, Abraham Lincoln\u2019s famous Gettysburg Address, widely considered one of the classic speeches in the English language\u2014can be ruined by using presentation software default settings and following a built-in template without modifying it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Choose_a_Typeface\"><\/span>How to Choose a Typeface<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>When you create a presentation, make sure that the fonts you choose are&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>appropriate for the subject and audience<\/li><li>readable from anywhere in the room<\/li><li>compatible with the computer you\u2019ll be using for the presentation&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Appropriateness. Each typeface projects a visual \u201cpersonality\u201d of some sort, and you should match the font with the audience and subject you\u2019re addressing. For example, Comic Sans is a cheerful, happy-looking font and projects a somewhat childlike ethos; it\u2019s a good match for an upbeat subject for a younger audience. In contrast, Times New Roman is a much more serious-looking font and would be appropriate for an older audience discussing a serious subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Readability. Not all fonts are equally readable, and you need to pick typefaces that allow your audience to read what\u2019s onscreen from the back of the room. You should choose fonts that&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>have relatively tall lower-case letters<\/li><li>don\u2019t use extra-thick or extremely thin lines<\/li><li>have large, open spaces inside the loops, and<\/li><li>(for a serif font) have large, blunt serifs.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>See Figure 5 for examples of typefaces available in PowerPoint, and consider which fonts are most and least readable onscreen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1012\" height=\"756\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_5.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 5\" class=\"wp-image-1045\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_5.jpg 1012w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_5-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_5-768x574.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1012px) 100vw, 1012px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 5: Examples of readable and unreadable font choices<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of these twelve fonts, the fonts that are most readable onscreen are Tahoma, Georgia, Trebuchet, and Verdana. In fact, Georgia and Verdana were designed for use onscreen. Of the rest, only Book Antiqua is workable, but the letters\u2019 thin parts can be hard to see onscreen, particularly if the background isn\u2019t a single flat color.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sans-serif fonts are usually easier to read onscreen than serif fonts are, so consider using a serif font for headings and a sans-serif font for slides\u2019 main text. Also, limit yourself to two fonts. If you use more, the screen will look very busy, and the visual clutter may distract your audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Most programs have built-in lists of fonts that you can use. For example, PowerPoint 2013 includes the list of combinations that appears in Figure 6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1413\" height=\"992\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_6.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 6\" class=\"wp-image-1046\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_6.jpg 1413w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_6-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_6-768x539.jpg 768w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_6-1024x719.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1413px) 100vw, 1413px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Figure 6: List of built-in font combinations in PowerPoint 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is a link to a brief YouTube video that demonstrates how to access PowerPoint\u2019s built-in list of font combinations: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/sh\/812erramvb8lvjk\/AADwNcH2rqBrl_FjJgcxL3gsa\/PowerPoint%20built-in%20font%20combinations.mp4?dl=0\">https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/sh\/812erramvb8lvjk\/AADwNcH2rqBrl_FjJgcxL3gsa\/PowerPoint%20built-in%20font%20combinations.mp4?dl=0<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Feel free to use one of these combinations, but remember that just because they\u2019re built-in doesn\u2019t mean they\u2019re well-chosen or appropriate for your needs. You should always consider changing the default settings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Compatibility. Not every typeface is available on every operating system, so find out what kind of computer you\u2019ll use while delivering the presentation and choose fonts that will work on that computer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, Helvetica is available on Mac, but it is not available on Windows-based systems; the Windows equivalent to Helvetica is Arial. Thus, if you create a PowerPoint presentation on a PC and then open the file on a Mac, or vice versa, the fonts may not transfer over, and your PowerPoint\u2019s appearance will change, often for the worse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here\u2019s a link to a list of fonts shared by Mac and PC versions of Microsoft Office: .<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Think_about_Layout\"><\/span>How to Think about Layout<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>When you place text or pictures onscreen, make sure you&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>apply the CRAP design principles<\/li><li>avoid clutter<\/li><li>avoid text overload&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>CRAP Principles. The CRAP design principles are Contrast, Repetition, Alignment, and Proximity. In brief, they work like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contrast: If things aren\u2019t in the same category, make them look very different (e.g., use different fonts for slide headings and main text).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Repetition: Make visual elements consistent throughout every slide (e.g., use consistent colors, callout shapes, font sizes, picture and text box locations, background images).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alignment: Place things on the screen with a purpose. Don\u2019t just plop images and text in random locations (e.g., equalize spaces between multiple pictures, consistently center or left-align text, line up bullets and numbers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Proximity: Place related items close to each other (e.g., use a narrow space between a name and job title, a picture and its caption, a main bullet item and its related sub-bullet items).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(The CRAP acronym was invented by a graphic designer named Robin Williams [no, not that Robin Williams] and explained in her book The Non-Designer\u2019s Design Book. If you\u2019re interested in visual design, you might find it fascinating.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When you design your PowerPoint, you should consider using the built-in Master Slide tool to make sure the visual design elements (e.g., fonts, colors, backgrounds, bulleted items\u2019 alignment) follow the Repetition principle. Here is a link to a YouTube video demonstrating how this powerful function works: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"How to Use a PowerPoint Slide Master For Dummies\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FA5aZ4Qk5RE?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Clutter. Keep your presentation\u2019s design and contents relatively simple.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Include spaces between lines of text.<\/li><li>Include spaces between images or other visual elements.<\/li><li>Make sure that the text is readable.<\/li><li>Use simple graphics.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>If you overload the screen, your audience will feel overwhelmed, and they won\u2019t be able to follow your ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, Figure 7 demonstrates a cluttered information graphic full of \u201cchartjunk.\u201d Its 3-D design is unnecessary, the forced perspective prevents the audience from seeing the towers\u2019 actual heights, the callouts overlap, the towers\u2019 transparency doesn\u2019t provide any information for the viewer, and the beveled edges and shadows are distracting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"872\" height=\"609\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_7.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 7\" class=\"wp-image-1047\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_7.jpg 872w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_7-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_7-768x536.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 872px) 100vw, 872px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 7: Cluttered infographic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 8 shows the same data in a simple, clean infographic that an audience can follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"872\" height=\"606\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_8.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 8\" class=\"wp-image-1048\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_8.jpg 872w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_8-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_8-768x534.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 872px) 100vw, 872px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Figure 8: Uncluttered infographic<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly, avoid stuffing slides full of text and creating a \u201cwall o\u2019 words\u201d like in Figure 9. Too much text makes a slide difficult to read and will intimidate your audience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"757\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_9.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 9\" class=\"wp-image-1049\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_9.jpg 1009w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_9-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_9-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1009px) 100vw, 1009px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 9: Wall o&#8217; Words<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Try to limit a bullet point-format slide to no more than seven bullets, with relatively short entries under each bullet. Of course, you can actually use as many bullets as you want, but only if you follow the CRAP principles very well. (See Figure 10 for an example of a slide that contains ten bulleted points but is still readable.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"734\" height=\"550\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/fig_10.jpg\" alt=\"fig 10\" class=\"wp-image-1050\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/fig_10.jpg 734w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/fig_10-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 734px) 100vw, 734px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 10: Almost but not quite a &#8220;wall o&#8217; words&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Choose_Good_Colors\"><\/span>How to Choose Good Colors<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Black-on-white presentations are easy to read, but they\u2019re often very stark-looking, and your audience may not wish to stare at a bright white screen. Thus, you probably will want to use color in your presentation, and you need to choose your presentation\u2019s colors carefully.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contrast. Pick colors with high luminance contrast\u2014in other words, one color should be much brighter than the other\u2014so that your viewers will be able to read text quickly and with minimal eyestrain. Avoid extremely high color contrast, though, because extremes in color contrast can make text very hard to read. See Figure 11 for examples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1005\" height=\"758\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_11.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 11\" class=\"wp-image-1051\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_11.jpg 1005w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_11-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_11-768x579.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1005px) 100vw, 1005px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 11: Examples of color and luminance combinations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly, you probably want to avoid pure white text on a black screen; it\u2019s OK for special cases, but for an entire presentation, it\u2019s overwhelming. See Figure 12.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1010\" height=\"758\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_12.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 12\" class=\"wp-image-1052\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_12.jpg 1010w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_12-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_12-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1010px) 100vw, 1010px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 12: White-on-black slide design<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Emotional Impact. Also consider the emotional effect of colors that you choose. The \u201ccool\u201d colors (darker green, blue-green, light blue, dark blue, blue-violet, purple) are calm and soothing, while the \u201cwarm\u201d colors (red-violet, red, red-orange, orange, yellow-orange, yellow, yellow-green) are stimulating. Choose colors that are appropriate for the subject and emotional impact of your presentation. See Figure 13 for an example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1009\" height=\"749\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_13.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 13\" class=\"wp-image-1053\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_13.jpg 1009w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_13-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_13-768x570.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1009px) 100vw, 1009px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 13: Emotional effects of colors<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_to_Choose_Appropriate_Backgrounds\"><\/span>How to Choose Appropriate Backgrounds<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Always make your presentation\u2019s background relate to its topic. PowerPoint, Prezi, and Keynote all allow you to choose from built-in or downloadable background \u201ctheme\u201d templates; insert and customize solid colors, gradients, or patterns; or import your own image to use as a background for your presentation. You can use any of these options, but whatever option you choose, the background absolutely must mesh with the topic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, if you are speaking about a computer-related subject, the \u201cOrganic\u201d PowerPoint theme template would be a very poor choice. (See Figure 14.) It looks like a sheet of paper attached to a piece of wood by a ribbon, and its text uses a serif body font; there\u2019s nothing about the template that suggests \u201ccomputer technology.\u201d The same theme template would look entirely appropriate for a food-related subject, though.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1011\" height=\"759\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_14a.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 14a\" class=\"wp-image-1054\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_14a.jpg 1011w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_14a-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_14a-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1011px) 100vw, 1011px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1011\" height=\"758\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_14b.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 14b\" class=\"wp-image-1055\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_14b.jpg 1011w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_14b-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_14b-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1011px) 100vw, 1011px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Figure 14: Inappropriate and appropriate backgrounds<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also, consider whether the audience has seen the background before. There are only so many built-in theme templates, and chances are that your audience has seen the same background used for a different presentation or has used that same template themselves. In fact, if an event features multiple speakers, sometimes more than one presenter will use the same template, and the audience may get confused and not remember who said what. It is always a good idea to import your own image as a background or to customize templates to fit your needs. See Figure 15 for an example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1011\" height=\"759\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_15.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 15\" class=\"wp-image-1056\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_15.jpg 1011w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_15-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_15-768x577.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1011px) 100vw, 1011px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;Figure 15: Customized \u201cApex\u201d template from MS PowerPoint 2010<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This brief YouTube video demonstrates PowerPoint\u2019s built-in slide designs and how to access and use its Format Background tool: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/sh\/812erramvb8lvjk\/AADoikR7jSjHHObIwOKX1qCOa\/PowerPoint%20built-in%20backgrounds.mp4?dl=0\">https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/sh\/812erramvb8lvjk\/AADoikR7jSjHHObIwOKX1qCOa\/PowerPoint%20built-in%20backgrounds.mp4?dl=0<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(As noted in the \u201cHow to Think About Layout\u201d section, it would be a good idea to use the Master Slide tool when you customize backgrounds in order to make all the slides look uniform.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Visual_and_Audio_Effects\"><\/span>Visual and Audio Effects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>You can and should use between-slides transitions, within-slide animations, and sound effects, but don\u2019t go overboard. Instead, use subtle effects, use them sparingly, and only use them to support your points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Visual Effects. Transitions and animations can help you emphasize points, show connections between ideas, or simply capture your audience\u2019s attention and prevent their eyes from glazing over. (See Figure 16 for a screenshot of the animations menu in PowerPoint 2013.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"720\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_16.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 16\" class=\"wp-image-1057\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_16.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_16-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_16-768x540.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 16: Expanded list of animations available in PowerPoint 2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, if you overload your slideshow with visual effects, or if you choose splashy effects, you will likely encounter several problems:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Your audience will pay more attention to the moving images than to the subject you\u2019re talking about.<\/li><li>Your audience won\u2019t be able to tell if an effect means they should pay special attention or if it\u2019s just another effect.<\/li><li>Effects will take longer than you expect to finish running, or you\u2019ll forget to cue them. You\u2019ll then go silent as you wait for the animations to finish, and your audience will realize you screwed up.<\/li><li>Effects will introduce a lighthearted note into your presentation and detract from your professional ethos or undermine a serious subject.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is a link to a video that demonstrates how to use PowerPoint\u2019s built-in Animation tool and Animation Pane: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"PowerPoint 2013: Animation and Transitions\" width=\"1200\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/z_jJxFs8_vg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>These same cautions apply to Prezi, but Prezi has its own special problems. Instead of switching between slides, you set up a flat \u201ccanvas\u201d on which you place text and images, and when you present your talk, Prezi\u2019s camera traces a path between those elements and zooms in on them. (See Figure 17 for an example of paths in Prezi.) Thus, transitions and animations are part and parcel of Prezi, which means it\u2019s doubly important that you control their intensity.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Prezi will let you place elements at peculiar angles and then \u201crotate\u201d the camera to emphasize them. If you rotate the camera too frequently, you\u2019ll make your audience seasick.<\/li><li>You can locate text or images anywhere on the canvas and set up arbitrary motion paths between them. If you make the camera move long distances between elements, you\u2019ll disorient your audience members.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"613\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_17.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 17\" class=\"wp-image-1058\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_17.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_17-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_17-768x460.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is a link to a brief YouTube video demonstrating motion paths in Prezi:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/sh\/812erramvb8lvjk\/AAC9SRhZy9v-CxNmAvQQtlf7a\/Prezi%20sample.mp4?dl=0\">https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/sh\/812erramvb8lvjk\/AAC9SRhZy9v-CxNmAvQQtlf7a\/Prezi%20sample.mp4?dl=0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 17: Numbered sequence indicating a &#8220;path&#8221; in Prezi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sound Effects. Audio cues have the same potential benefits and drawbacks as transitions and animations, but they also have several unique problems of their own:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Audio clips will sound distorted or tinny unless the computer you are using to present is connected to a good-quality sound system.<\/li><li>If the audio clip is more than a few seconds long, you\u2019ll need to shout to be heard over it.<\/li><li>It\u2019s almost impossible to talk over rock or hip-hop. Your voice just can\u2019t compete with the backbeat.<\/li><li>Music samples longer than a few seconds consume massive amounts of memory, and your file size will be huge.<\/li><li>Song snippets may be so short that they\u2019re unrecognizable.<\/li><li>Nobody else likes your taste in music.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In short, no matter what program you use, keep your presentation\u2019s visual and audio effects relatively simple and use them to support your message. The effects should enhance the presentation; they shouldn\u2019t be the presentation.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Delivery_Techniques\"><\/span>Delivery Techniques<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Your slideshow shouldn\u2019t be the main focus of your talk. Instead, YOU and your message are the main focus, and the presentation should support your talk. Don\u2019t hide behind the presentation or use it as a crutch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Prepare Notes. Write down key phrases on notecards or, if you will have access to a speaker\u2019s computer while you\u2019re talking, the program\u2019s Notes view. It\u2019s not a good idea to write out a line-for-line script because if you read from a script, the presentation will sound stilted. The best presentations are thoroughly prepared but sound ad-libbed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whatever you do, DO NOT read every single word on the screen. Your audience members can read, and you\u2019ll only annoy them. See Figure 18 for an example.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_18.jpg\" alt=\"Figure 18\" class=\"wp-image-1059\" srcset=\"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_18.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_18-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/Figure_18-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Figure 18: Example of Presenter View in PowerPoint<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Practice. Run through your talk and slideshow before you stand in front of an audience. Start up the presentation, say what you intend to say out loud, advance the presentation to match your speech, and time yourself. If you don\u2019t practice, your audience will know.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Face Your Audience. Turn your face toward the audience and make eye contact with them when you speak. If you do, the audience will be able to hear you, and they will be more likely to believe what you say.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>When you create a PowerPoint, Prezi, or Keynote presentation, be sure to consider the principles discussed in this webtext. You now know how to<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>choose an effective presentation format<\/li><li>identify readable typefaces<\/li><li>position visual elements onscreen<\/li><li>pick appropriate colors<\/li><li>choose relevant, useful backgrounds<\/li><li>choose effective visual and audio effects<\/li><li>present memorable, effective audiovisual materials<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>and you can create a successful presentation that will both capture your audience\u2019s attention and provide the audience with clearly presented, easily-extracted information.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1040,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"template":"","tags":[1637,1640,551,1638,1639],"chapters":[1810,1834],"content_type":[],"class_list":["post-1060","article","type-article","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tag-audiovisual-presentations","tag-keynote","tag-new-media","tag-powerpoint","tag-prezi","chapters-genre","chapters-presentations"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/1060","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/article"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/1060\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":40032,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/article\/1060\/revisions\/40032"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1040"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1060"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1060"},{"taxonomy":"chapters","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/chapters?post=1060"},{"taxonomy":"content_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/writingcommons.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/content_type?post=1060"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}